跨文化交际time-orientationword版本.ppt

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1、跨文化交际time-orientationPast-orientedCulturesPreviousexperiencesandeventsaremostimportant.PrimaryemphasisontraditionandthewisdomfromoldergenerationshowagreatdealofdeferenceandrespectforparentsandothereldersEventsarecircular;importantpatternsperpetuallyrecurinthepresenttr

2、ied-and-truemethodsforovercomingobstaclesandproblemsPresent-orientedCulturesCurrentexperiencesarethemostimportant.emphasisonspontaneityandimmediacyandexperiencingeachmomentParticipationineventsbecauseoftheimmediatepleasurethatactivitiesprovideinsteadofpotentialfutureg

3、ainbeliefinunseenandunknownoutsideforcessuchasfateorluckPhilippinesCentralandSouthAmericansFuture-orientedCulturesThemomentinthefutureismostimportant.Currentactivitiesareaccomplishedandappreciatedforthepotentialfuturebenefits.Thefateisinone’sownhandsandtheycontrolthec

4、onsequencesoftheiractions.TimeSystemsimplicitrulestoarrangesetsofexperiencesinsomemeaningfulwayTechnicaltimesystemstheprecise,scientificmeasurementsoftimethatarecalculatedinsuchunitsasnanosecondsFormaltimesystemsInformaltimesystemsFormaltimesystemsthewaysinwhichmember

5、sofaculturedescribeandcomprehendunitsoftimeTimeunitsvarygreatlyfromculturetoculture.NativeAmericanculturesTimeissegmentedbythephasesofthemoon,thechangingseasons,theriseandfallofthetides,orthemovementsofthesun.EuropeanAmericans:Timeissegmentedintoseconds,minutes,hours,

6、days,weeks,months,andyears.Time’spassagesmaybeindicatedbyreferencetosignificantevents.Timeintervalsmaybemorearbitraryorbasedonsignificantexternaleventssuchasthelengthofadayorthephasesofthemoon.Timesequencesareexplicitlytaughttochildrenandnewcomersasanimportantpartofth

7、eacculturationprocess.agreementsamongthemembersofacultureontheextenttowhichtimeisregardedasvaluableandtangibleInformaltimesystemstheassumptionsculturesmakeabouthowtimeshouldbeusedorexperiencedCultureshaveunstatedexpectationaboutthetiminganddurationofformaleventssuchas

8、appointments,arrivalstoaparty.Timeexpectationsdifferaccordingtotheoccasionandrelativeimportance.WesternCultures:Timeismoney.