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1、跨文化交际Unit3课件DifferentLands,DifferentFriendshipsIneverycountrypeoplevaluefriendship.Thedifficultyisnotalackofappreciationoffriendship,butdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.Whoisafriend?WhatdoesaFrenchmanmeanwhenhesays:“Thisism
2、ygoodfriend.”“Thisismyfriend.”Whoisclosertohim?Simpletranslationfromonelanguagetoanotherisdifficult.FriendshipsincomparisonAmericanfriendships:superficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduringFrenchfriendships:areofthesamesex,basicallybetweenmen;demandsakeenawarenes
3、softheother’sintellect,temperamentandinterests;arecompartmentalize;notpartoffamilylifeGermanfriendships:moreamatteroffeeling,havemuchtodowithfamilyEnglishfriendships:basedonsharedactivitiesCommonElementsinFriendshipsofDifferentStylesFriendship,incontrastwithkinshi
4、p,isamatteroffreechoiceThesenseofbeingaspecialindividualInevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-takeSomeToolsforComparingandContrastingCulturesKluckhohn&Strodtbeck’sModel(PP.85-89)Hofstede’sModel(PP.99-105)Hall’sHigh-Context&Low-ContextCultures(PP.110-115)Kluckhohn&St
5、rodtbeck’sModelFivebasicorientations:Humannature:good/evil?Relationshipofmantonature:Mansubjugatedbynature;Maninharmonywithnature;ManthemasterofnatureSenseoftime:past,present,orfuture-orientedActivity:being,growing,ordoingSocialrelationships:authoritarian,group-or
6、iented,orindividualisticHofstede’sModelFivedimensions:IndividualismversuscollectivismUncertaintyavoidancePowerdistanceMasculinityversusfemininityLong-termversusshort-termorientationIndividualismversuscollectivismThedegreetowhichaculturereliesonandhasallegiancetoth
7、eselforthegroupIndividualism:e.g.Australia,Belgium,theNetherland,andtheU.S.Collectivism:e.g.Guatemala,Indonesia,Pakistan,andChinaIndividualismIndividual:primarysourceofmotivationIndependence,privacy,self,andtheall-importantIHighlyindividualistic,believingthatpeopl
8、eareonlysupposedtotakecareofthemselves,andperhapstheirimmediatefamilyDecisionmaking:basedonwhatisgoodfortheindividual,notforthegroupDealingwithinterpers
