资源描述：
《复旦大学语言学导论课件.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、形态学(morphology)通过分析形位的性质、形位兑现成语素的规律以及语素组合成词的状态来解析词的内部结构。形位(morpheme)形位(morpheme):最小的携带意义的语言单位-ThefriendspromisedtoinquirecarefullyaboutaschoolmasterforthefairBianca.-compounds:jack-in-the-boxlookingglassgirlfriend-Thefriend-spromis-edtoinquirecare-ful-lyaboutaschool-masterforthefairBian
2、ca.形位的类型自由形位(freemorpheme)依附形位(boundmorpheme)Thefriend-spromis-edtoinquirecare-ful-lyaboutaschool-masterforthefairBianca.形位的类型内容形位（contentmorpheme，lexicalmorpheme)promise,friend,fair,Biancaschool-master功能形位（functionmorpheme，grmmaticalmorpheme）-s,-ed,-lya,an,the,this,thatto,about,for依附形位
3、的类型--派生形位(derivationalmorpheme)(countable,reproduce)--屈折形位(inflectionalmorpheme)(promised,friends)英语的屈折形位-sthirdpersonsingularpresent-edpasttense-ingprogressive-enpastparticiple-splural-’spossessive-ercomparative-estsuperlative英语形位分类图形位自由形位(boy)依附形位(-ish)屈折形位 派生形位(-ed)(-ness)形位和语素形位(mo
4、rpheme)是抽象的语言单位，在语言使用过程中，可分别兑现成音素实体(phoneticsubstance)和文字实体(orthographicsubstance)，形成可感知的语素(morph)。形位和语素{-s},{复数}booksbedsbushes语音层面：{-s}→[s],[z],[iz]拼写层面：{-s}→-s,-es形位的界定同一分布位置意义一致多次出现-ness:sadness,happiness,rudeness-recentre,cadre,reconnoitre构词的层级结构派生词构词的层级结构同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词根上。adjus
5、table,breakable,comparable,debatable(*preexist,predawn,prehistoric)歧义unlockableunlock+ableun+lockableRoot（词根）basicwordformsthatcanstandalone-cannotbeanalyzedintosmallerpartsantidisestablishmentarianismStem（词干）teachers词缀（affix)Affix:Thegeneraltermformorphemesattachedtoaword.四种词缀Prefix(前缀
6、）Infix（中缀）Suffix（后缀）Circumfix（环缀）前缀English:in+,dis+,un+,etc.in+abilitydis+abilityun+ablein+consistentdis+memberun+tanglein+sufficientdis+placeun+happyZapotec:ka+zigi"chin"ka+zigi"chins"zike"shoulder”ka+zige"shoulders"diaga"ear"ka+diaga"ears"中缀Tagalog:+um+bilib+um+ili"buy“"tobuy"sulats+u
7、m+ulat"write""towrite"kuhak+um+uha"take”"totake”后缀English:+ment,+ly,+stancejudg+mentestablish+mentabandon+mentbrief+lyhappi+lyangri+lyhappen+stancecircum+stance环缀Chickasaw:ik+…+ochokmaik+chokm+o"heisgood”"heisn'tgood"laknaik+lakn+o"itisyellow”"itisn'tyellow"palliik+pall+o"itish
