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1、第一章：语言学导论参考答案I.1~5BACCC 6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF 16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal 22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction 24.yo-he-ho25.scientific 26.descriptive27.speech 28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue 30.competenceIV.31. Designfeature:I
2、treferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32. Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcomm
3、unication.33. Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconsci
4、ous.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34. Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroni
5、clinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35. Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48intheca
6、seoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,t
7、henitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheir
8、ownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,econo
