英语教学理论与方法ppt课件.ppt

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1、ChapterOne—Lecture23.Theoriesofsecondlanguageacquisition4.ThecognitivetheoryTheoriesofsecondlanguageacquisition1.Thehabit-formationtheory2.Thehypothesesoflinguisticuniversals3.Theacculturationtheory4.Thediscoursetheory5.Themonitortheory1.Thehabit-for

2、mationtheory(习惯形成理论)Thehabit-formationtheorycomesfromthebehavioristpsychologyandwasverypopularinthe1950sand60s.ItwasputforwardbyagroupofbehavioristswithB.E.Skinnerastheirrepresentative.Accordingtobehaviorists,languageisregardedasasetoflinguistichabits

3、andthelinguistichabitsareformedthroughidentifyingandstrengtheningtheassociationsbetweenstimuliandresponses.Basedonit,learningasecondlanguagemeanstheformationofanewsetoflinguistichabits.Therefore,imitationandpracticeplayanimportantroleintheprocessofhab

4、it-formation,becausethebehavioristsmaintainedthatimitationwillhelplearnersidentifytheassociationsbetweenstimuliandresponseswhilepracticewillreinforceassociationsandhelplearnerstoformthenewlinguistichabits.Notice:Sincetheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisit

5、ionisregardedasaprocessofhabitformation,thentheoldhabits---themothertongueofthelearnerwilleitherfacilitateorgetinthewayofthesecondlanguagelearning.Thatistosay,ifthemothertongueandthetargetlanguagehavethesamelinguistichabits,thenpositivetransferswilloc

6、curandthetargetlanguagelearningprocesswillbefacilitated.However,whenthemothertongueandthetargetlanguageshareameaningbutexpressitindifferentways,thelearnerwilltransferthewaysofexpressioninthemothertonguetothetargetlanguage.Thisiscallednegativetransfer,

7、andtheresultsofsuchtransfersarerealizedbyerrorsmadebythelearner.Therefore,accordingtothetheory,errorsshouldbeavoidedandshouldbecorrected,becausetheywillhavethedangerofbecomingbadlinguistichabits.Sinceerrorswillinterferewiththenewhabit-formationprocess

8、andaretheresultsofnegativetransfers,thebestwaytoavoidtheerrorsistopredictwhentheywilloccurandfindwaystoavoidtheerrorsandpreventtheoccurrenceofthem.Contrastiveanalysisisproposedasavalidmeanstopredictpotentialerrors.Somescholarsbelievethatifacar