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1、FinalexaminationBIChooseonewordorexpressionfromthoseintheboxbelowtofillthegapineachofthesentences.Writethecorrectwordsonyouranswerpapernexttothenumberofthesentence.Donotchangetheformsofthewordsonthebox.1s2m3q4k5j6t7o8n9e10p11h12a13l14c15r16d17i18g19b20fIICaseAnalysis(Youarereq
2、uiredtostateculturalphenomenonineachcase)1Interpretationreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedata.Thesamesituationcanbeinterpretedquitedifferentlybydiversepeople.Theeffectofcultureisgreat.Applyingthesesamecuestosomeonefromanotherculturemaynotwork.SopeopleintheUnitedStatesfrequentlye
3、rringuessingtheageofJapaneseindividuals,suchasjudgingaJapanesecollegestudentinmid-20stobeonly14or15.2Thiscasecanreflectthedifferencesbetweenindividualistcultureandcollectivistculture.Culturescharacterizedbycollectivismemphasizerelationshipsamongpeopletoagreaterdegree.Collectiv
4、istculturesstressinterdependentactivitiesandsuppressingindividualaimsforthegroup’swelfare.3Thiscasecanreflectthelackofidiomaticequivalencebetweentwoculturesisabarriertosuccessfultranslation.Languagethataredifferentoftenlackwordsthataredirectlytranslatable.Thisleadstothelackofv
5、ocabularyequivalence,whichisoneofthecausesoftranslationproblems.IIIAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Inthedirectstyle,associatedwithindividualism,thewants,needs,anddesiresofthespeakerareembodiedinthespokenmessage.Intheindirectstyle,associatedwithcollectivism,thewants,needs,andgoal
6、softhespeakerarenotobviousinthespokenmessage.2.Translationproblemsusuallyarisewhencommunicatorsspeakdifferentlanguagesandholddifferentcultures.Theyarethelackofvocabularyequivalence,thelackofidiomaticequivalence,thelackofgrammatical-syntacticalequivalence,lackofexperientialequi
7、valence,thelackofconceptualequivalence.3.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisdifferentfromculturetoculture.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy,awe,confusion,contemplation,disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberof
8、meanings.Ineasterncultures,silencehaslongbeenregardedasavirtu
