自考英语语法简答题.docx

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1、Chapter1．Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.请给出语法单位等级结构图。HierarchyofgrammaticalunitsAtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphe

2、mesAmorphemeIngrammaticalterms,whileasentenceisthelargestunit(ofatext),awordisthesmallest,thelowestrankunittowhichagrammaticalfunctioncanbeassigned.However,asentencecanteamupwithothersentencestoformalargerlinguisticunit-text,andawordisnotthesmallestmeaningfuleleme

3、ntinthewritingsystem.Itcanbreakintosmallerelementswhicharecalledmorphemes.Sowehavetheaboveextendedhierarchyofgrammaticalunits.2．Definemorpheme,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,morphandallomorph.请给词素，自由词素，粘附词素，形素和词素变体下定义。1）Whatisamorpheme?Amorphemeistheminimaldistinctive

4、grammaticalunit,andisthelowestunitingrammaticalhierarchy.Morphemesareactuallyabstractelementsofanalysis.Whatoccursisanorthographicforminwritingtermed"morph"whichrealizesthemorpheme.词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。词素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现。2）Whatarefre

5、emorphemeandboundmorpheme?Afreemorphemeisamorphemethathasameaningofitsownandcanbeusedindependently.Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative.Aboundmorphemeisamorphemethatdoesn'thaveameaningofitsownandcan'tbeusedindependently.Boundmorphemesonlypossessaddi

6、tionalorgrammaticalmeanings.Generallyspeaking,freemorphemesoftencarrythemeaningandboundmorphemesoftenshowgrammaticalfeatures.3）Whatmorphandallomorph?Amorphistherealizationofanorthographicforminwritingoraphoneticforminspeakingofamorpheme.Anallomorphisanindistinctiv

7、evariantofamorpheme.3．Distinguishroot,stem,andbaseasmorphologicalterms.(从形态上区分词根、词干、词基三个概念)Whatisaroot,astemorabase?Theymayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferent.Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzable

8、inmorphologicalterms.Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesof