网络被字句的句法语义研究.pdf

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分类号学校代码!Q5垒2密级学号—200808—020071SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternet网络被字句的句法语义研究研究生姓名指导教师姓名、职称歪氩筮数援学科专业墓亟亟主塞堂湖南师范大学学位评定委员会办公室二0一一年五月 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetAThesisSubmittedtoForeignStudiesCollegeOfHunanNormalUniversityInPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsForTheDegreeofMasterofArtsintheSubjectofEnglishLanguageandLiteratureByJianNaUndertheSupervisionofProfessorShiYuzhiChangsha，HunanMay，2011 ．，●■1●——．1． AbstractBei—sentencescomeintooursightfrequentlyontheInternetnowadayswithnovelsyntacticstructure，mainlyforthepredicatephrases，suchas“被捐款"，“被就业"，“被开心’’，whicharecollocationsbeyondtraditionalgrammarrules．Sofartheresearchofsuchnovelbei．sentencesontheIntemetislimitedtothestudyofsyntacticstructure；fewcoverthesemanticofit．Basedonthecontrastwithtraditionalbei-sentences，wesystematicallyanalyzedthecharacteristicsofbei—sentencesontheInternetfromsyntactic，semanticandpragmaticperspectivesandfurthermadetentativeexplanationofitssemanticconstructionprocessbycasestudybasedonthetheoryofcognitiveandsociallinguistics．Bycomparison，wefoundthatthenovelandtraditionalbei-sentencesareincommontoalargeextent，buttherearealsosomedifferencesbetweenthem．Syntactically,theyadoptthetypicalstructureofbei—sentences：NPI+被(NP2)+VP．However,theydifferalotonthecomponentsafter“被”，thevacancyofagent(NP2)，theappearanceofcomplements，andSOon．Basedonthecomparison，thestressislaidontheframe-assimilationfunctionoftheword“被"，whichcanpermittheusageofanycomponentsinthe‘‘被+X’’．constmction．Semantically,bei-sentencesontheInternetarealsotodisplaythatthepatientsubjectisforcedtoacceptsomeeffectofanactionimplementedbytheagent，whichisthesemanticbasisforitswideacceptance．Sothesubjectshouldplaytheroleofpatient，similarwiththatoftraditionalbei．sentences．Insteaditgetsintothetroubleofthe CO—occurrenceofagentandpatient．Ontheotherhand，thecomponentsafter“被”innovelbei．sentencesarealwayswiththesenseofautonomyandexpectation．Combinedwiththeword“被"，strongcontrastiscreated，thusthederogatorysemanticcolorofnovelbei—sentenceswithoutexception．Asforthepragmaticoccasions，novelbei’sentencesaremostlyusedontheInternetandotherpublicmedia，quotedinthequotationmarktostrengthentheironyanddissatisfactiononsomesocialevents．Withtheanalysisabove，thethesisfirstlytriestoexplainthelinksbetweenthesemanticconstructionofbei．sentencesontheInternetandconceptualstructureofhuman，basedontheconceptualblendingandconceptualmetaphortheories．Furthermore，thethesisexplainstheinfluenceofsocialculture，psychologyandthesubjectivityofhumanonthechangeofalanguagefromtheperspectiveofsocial—linguistics．Thestudyisabeneficialattemptofbei—sentenceswhichcanfacilitatethestudyoftraditionalbei—sentencesandprovetheproductivityanddynamicattributeoflanguage，expectingtocontributetotheunderstandingofnovelbei—sentences．KeyWords：bei—sentencesontheInternet；contrastiveanalysis；semanticconstruction；conceptualblending；social—culture 摘要“被"字句以新的构词形式在网络上露面，表现出一种超越语法规则的搭配，像被捐款，被就业，被开心等。以往的研究局限于句子成分的分析，在语义方面缺乏系统的分析和理论解释，本文首先从句法、语义、语用三个方面与传统被字句展开对比，系统的总结了网络被字句的句法语义特点，进而以认知语言学，社会语言学的理论为基础，尝试性地对个例进行分析，以阐释其语义成因。通过对比，本文发现网络被字句与传统被字句有相同之处，也存在很大的不同。句法结构上都采用典型被字句结构“NPI+被(NP2)+VP”，但是在“被”字后续成分的词性，施事成分的隐现，补语的有无等方面存在很大差异。本文在解释差异的同时强调了“被”字的框架同化作用，“被”字迫使那些原本不能进入该结构的谓词性词语进入了该结构并具备了被动意味，产生及物性动词的用法。网络被字句的基本语义仍然是表示被动，主语被动的受到某一事件的影响。被动句的这一句式语义结构正是网络被字句被广泛接受的基础。传统被字句中主语为典型的受事，网络被字句的主语却陷入了受事与施事共现的复杂局面。本文认为从主语的受影响义考虑，网络被字句的主语仍然是受事。网络被字句“被’’字之后的成分在进入句式之前多含有主动意义而且表示如意或期望的语义色彩，然而与“被”字的结合产生了强烈的反差，使整个句式无一例外表示的都是遭遇、不如意等消极意义。语用方面，新型被字句多出现在网络和舆论媒体中，“被+X”结构通常用于引号之内，以此加强对某种社会现象的讽刺和不满。基于上述讨论，本文首先尝试性的以认知语言学的概念整合理论 为基础解释网络被字句的语义构建与人类概念结构之间的某种联系，概念整合依赖于跨空间映射，映射与概念整合在意义的构建过程中起着关键的作用。结合社会语言学的观点，本文对社会文化、心理以及人类主观性表达对语言变化的影响做出了阐释。本文的研究是对网络被字句的有益尝试，可以补充对传统“被”字句的研究，同时证明了语言的多产性和动态性，将有助于人们对新型被字句的理解与欣赏。关键词：网络“被”字句；对比分析；语义构建；概念合成；社会文化 ContentsAbstract⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．1摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．iiiIntroduction．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1O．1BackgroundoftheStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．10．2SignificanceoftheStudy．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．20．3OrganizationoftheStudy．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3ChapterOneReviewofPreviousStudies．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．51．1PreviousStudiesofBei—sentences⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．51．1．1Bei—sentenceandPassiveSentence⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．61．1．2CharacteristicsofPredicateVerbsinBei．sentences⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯71．1．3PartofSpeechofBei(被)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．101．1．4SemanticStudy．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．131．2NovelUsageofBei-sentenceandCurrentStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．151．3Summary⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．17ChapterTwoTheoreticalFoundationsandMethodology．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．192．1ConceptualBlendingTheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．，．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯192．1．1TheoreticalFoundationsofConceptualBlending⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．202．1．2ConceptualBlendingNetworks．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．242．1．3ProcessofConceptualBlendingandEmergentStructure⋯．302．1．4OptimalityPrinciples．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．322．1．5HumanScale．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．342．2Methodology．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．342．2．1DataCollection．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．342．2．2ContrastiveAnalysis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．：．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．352．2．3CaseStudy．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35 ChapterThreeContrastiveAnalysisofNovelBei-sentenceswithConveⅡtionalBei-sentences⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯373．1SyntacticAnalysisofConventionalandNovelBei—sentences⋯．383．1．1SyntacticAnalysisofConventionalBei．sentences⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯383．1．2SyntacticAnalysisofNovelBei．sentences⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯423．1．3ContrastiveAnalysis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．463．2SemanticAnalysisofConventionalandNovelBei-sentences⋯．473．2．1SemanticAnalysisofconventionalBei．．sentences．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．473．2．2SemanticAnalysisofNovelBei—sentences⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．513．2．3ContrastiveAnalysis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．533．3PragmaticOccasionsofConventionalandNovelBei-sentences5FourSemanticConstructionofNovelBei-sentencesontheInternet⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．574．1CognitiveInterpretation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯574．1．1AnalysiafromConceptualBlendingPerspective⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．584．1．2AnalysisfromConceptualMetaphorPerspective⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．654．1．3AnalysisfromSubjectivity⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．654．2SocialInterpretation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯674．3LinguisticInterpretation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯68Conclusion⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯．71Bibliography．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．75Appendix．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．79Acknowledgements．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．81湖南师范大学学位论文原创性声明⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯83湖南师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯83 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemetIntroduction0．1BackgroundoftheStudyInmodemChinese，passivesentenceisaparticularsentencepattern，whichhasreceivedmuchattentionandinterestfromscholarsandlinguistsathomeandabroad．Chinesepassivesentencesinvolvemanyintricatesyntacticforms，amongwhichbei—sentenceisthetypicalone．Bei-sentenceinthisstudyispassivesentencewiththeword“被”aspassivemark．Thetypicalsyntacticformisthatthesubjectisservedbyapatientandtheagent，whichmaybeprominentorhidden，isintroducedbythewordbei(被)thatis：“patient+bei(agent)+VP"．Theusageofthisformmustbeunderthepremisethatthesubjectshouldbetheobjecttobedisposed，andtheresultofdisposalisunexpectedorunpleasant．Asaresult，thepredicateverbsareusuallytransitiveverbswiththesenseofstrongdisposalandmaybringaboutcertaineffectonthesubject．However,nowadaysbei-sentencescomeintooursightfrequentlyontheintemetwithcompletelynovelsyntacticstructure，mainlyforthepredicateverbphrases，suchas“被自杀”，“被就业”，“被开心’’，whicharecollocationsbeyondtraditionalgrammarrules．Thecomponentsaftertheword“被"arediverse，whichmightbeintransitiveverbsorevennon-verbsandphrases．Inthisstudy,weusethesymbol“X’’torepresenttheseintricatecomponents，andthestudyobjectofthisthesisisthiskindofbei．sentenceswiththeconstruction“被+X”，whichiscallednovelbei-sentencesontheInteract．Becausethecomponent“被+X'’isusuallyusedasanindependentcomponentquotedinquotationmarks，itismore MAThcsislikeaconstructionthanasyntacticcomponent．Althoughdeviatedfromthesyntacticrequirementsofbei-sentencesinmodemChinese，thesebei-sentenceswithextraordinarycollocationsareextremelyactiveontheIntemeteveninourdailylife．Ithasbeenawidelydiscussedtopicinsyntacticandsemanticstudy．However,previousstudyofthisemployslittleaboutthecontrastwithtraditionalbei-sentencesandthesemanticconstructionofit．SothisthesisiStofocusitsstlldyonthecomparisonwithconventionalbei·sentencestomakecleartheirdifferencesandconnection，aswellastheconstructionofnovelbei．sentences．0．2SignificanceoftheStudyThisthesisaimstospecificallyanswerthefollowingquestions：Ⅵmatisthedefinitionofnovelbei．sentencesontheIntemetandwhatistheusagebackgroundofthem?Whataretheparticularitiesofbei-sentencesontheInternet?Ⅵmatareitscharacteristicsandtheconnectionwithtraditionalbei．sentences?Ⅵmatmakesthecreationofnovelbei．sentencesontheInternet?Ⅵ，llatistheconstructionmechanismbehindit?Inthelinguisticfield，contrastiveanalysisisanimportantmethodforpeopletOstudyalanguagephenomenon．Afterobservinglotsofmaterialsaboutnovelbe#sentencesontheIntemet，wefindoutsomesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweennovelbei．sentencesontheIntemetandtraditionalonesfromthreeperspectives：syntactically,semanticallyandpragmatically．Basedonthetheoryofconceptualblendingandsocial2 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInteractlinguistics，weexplainacertainlinkbetweentheconceptualconstructionandsyntacticstructureofnovelbei—sentences．Thisthesiswillmakealittlecontributiontotheunderstandingofthephenomenonofnovelbei-sentencesontheInternetandtofacilitatinglanguageteachingandlearning．0．3OrganizationoftheStudyThethesisisdividedintosixparts，andeachpartisarrangedasfollows：Tostartwith，thefirstpartgivesabriefintroductiontothenovelbei—sentencesontheIntemet，thebackgroundandsignificanceofthisstudy,aswellastheorganizationofthethesis．ChapterOneistheliteraturereview,whichwilllookintothepreviousstudiesonChinesebei—sentencesincludingtraditionalbei—sentencesandnovelonesontheInternetandmakecommentsonthem．ChapterTwobrieflyintroducessomeadoptedtheoriestotheanalysisoftheconstructionofnovelbei—sentencesontheInternet，namelyconceptualblendingandconceptualmetaphorandthemethodologyadopted．ChapterThreefocusesonthecontraststudyofnovelbei-sentencesontheIntemetwithtraditionalones，tryingtofindoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthemfromthreeperspectives：syntactically,semantically,andpragmatically．Furthermore，thethesistriestoexplainthespecificitiesofnovelbei—sentencesontheIntemet．ChapterFourinvolvesaspecificanalysisofthesemantic MAThesisconstructionprocessofnovelbei-sentencesontheIntemetintermsofcognitiveandsocial—linguisticperspectives．Thelastpartsummarizesessentialpointsofthewholethesisandpointsoutsomelimitationsandproposessomestudyorientationsinthefuture．4 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheInternetChapterOneReviewofPreviousStudiesBei—sentenceisaparticularpatternofpassivesentenceinChinese．Thestudyofbei-sentenceshaslongattractedmuchattentionandinterestbothathomeandabroad．Thischapteristopresentabriefreviewofthepreviousstudiesinordertofindoutwhathasorhasnotbeenstudiedandfurthergivefoundationforthestudyinthisthesis．1．1PreviousStudiesofBei-sentences、TheChinesebei-sentencehasbeenacontroversialbutconstanttopmattractingmanyscholarstocontributetheireffortsinthisfield，whichmaydatebacktoLiJinxi(1924)whooriginallyclaimedbei—sentencesbelongtotherangeofpassive．WangLi(1943)gavethedefinitionofpassiveandanalyzedthesemanticfeaturesofitespeciallyofbei-sentenceinModernChineseGrammar．Heclaimedthatpassivesaremostlyusedtodescribesomethingunexpectedorunpleasant．Hisstudyachievedthetoplevelatthattime．Thenawidediscussionwasmadeaboutthestructure，semantic，andpragmaticfeaturesofBei—sentenceinthe1950s．Inthe1980s，thestudyturnedtotheevolutionprocessofit．Apartfromthese，thestudyofsyntacticstatusandthegrammaticalizationofbeihavebeenhot．Althoughitisdifficulttoachieveconsensusonsomepoints，theirresearchhasdeepenedourunderstandingofChinesebe／一sentences．Nowthethesiswillgiveareviewonsomeaspectsconcerningourstudy．5 MAThesis1．1．1Bei-sentenceandPassiveSentenceThedefinitionandextensionofpassivesentencehavebeenacontroversialtopicallalong．Itisgenerallyconsideredbythetraditionalgrammarthatthosesentenceswhosesubjectandpredicatebearthepassivityrelationshiparepassivesentences．Inotherwords，subjectisthepatientorreceiversoftheactionprovidedbypredicateinpassivesentences．．Theconceptofpassivesentence，alsonamedpassivevoice，originatedfromIndo—Europeanlanguageinwhichthereisrigidformtag．TakeEnglish，forexample，thepredicateinpassivesentencesmustbetheverbbefollowedbythepastparticipleofaverb，whileinChinesethereisashortageofthisformtag．WangLithoughtthatthemainformofChinesepassivesentencesiSbei．sentencewhichtakesthecharacterbeiasthemarker,whileZhangZhigong(1953)gaveabroaderextensionwhichtookthesentenceswithai，zao，shou(“挨，遭，受")intoconsideration．WangHuan(1984)alsodepictedthattherearemanypassivesentenceswithoutbei．Differentsoundsalsoappeared，suchasLiangDonghan(1960)，LiuShuxin(1987)，whoclaimedtherearenotpassivesentencesotherthanbei—sentences．Theythoughtthepassivesentencesshouldbedefinedbygrammaticalformratherthanbythemeaning；inthatcasetheSO-calledpassivesentenceswithoutbeishouldnotbetakenaspassivesentences．InspiteofthedifficultyingivingaunifieddefinitionandextensionforChinesepassivesentences，themostwidelyacceptedideaisthattheycallbedividedintothreetypesaccordingtothemarker(LuJianming,2004)：6 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemet1．Passivesentenceswithvisiblemarkerbei：thisiSwhatwecallbei—sentence．Twobasicsyntacticformsareinvolved：theonewithanobjectafterbei(Patient(NP)+6P升Agent(yP)+VP)；theotheronewithnoobject(Patient(NP)+6P计VP)2．CausativePassiveSentences：thepassivesentenceswithGei，Jiao，Rang(“给，叫，让")．3．Passivesentenceswithoutmarker：therearenotanywordsmarkingthepassivemeaning．Ofthethreetypes，bei—sentencesaretypicalinChinesepassivecategorieswhiletheothertwotypesarehardtocometoconsensusespeciallyforthelastone．Somepeopletakeitaspassivesentences；somedon’t．Littlediscussionaboutthiswillbemade，forourfocusisbei—sentences．Anotherquestionstillupintheairiswhetherallbei—sentencesdepictpassivitysemantically．Forexample：(1)他做梦也没想到会被她赚了一大笔钱。(LuJianming2004)Thisisjusttheminority,andmostbei-sentencesarewithpassivemeanings．1．1．2CharacteristicsofPredicateVerbsinBei-sentencesThetypicalsyntacticstructureofbei—sentenceis“NI+BEI+(N2)+VP"．Amongthethreesections：patient(N1)，agent(N2)，andaction(VP)，theaction(VP)isthemostcomplicatedone，andtherestrictionofithasbeengivengreatattention．WhatkindofverbscallbeusedinaChinesebei-sentence?Thestudyofthisproblemfromtheaspectofverbstructurehasreachedcertainagreement．7 MAThesis“Theverbsin‘Bei'-sentencemustbetransitiveverbs，oftenaccompaniedbysomeadditionalcomponents．Sometwo—syllableverbscomposedofamonosyllabicverbanditscomplementcanbeusedwithoutanyadditionalcomponents．Monosyllabicverbscanseldombeuseddirectlyafter‘Bei’，exceptforsomeconventionalstructure，suchasbeibu，beipo，(‘被捕，被迫’，)(ExplanationofFunctionWordsinModernChinese,1982)"．ThesamediscussioncanbeseeninPracticalModernChineseGrammar(2001)．“As‘Bei'-sentencesaremostlyusedtodepicttheinfluenceoreffectonpatientundercertainactions，thepredicatesin‘Bei'-sentencesareseldomsimpleverbs，butwithsomeadditionalcomponentsshowingterminationoftheaction．Somemonosyllabicverbscanbeusedaspredicatesonlyifbeaccompaniedbyadverbialorsomeclauses．’’ZhangBojiang(2001)alsoaccountedforthereasonwhysingleverbcan’tbeusedinbei-sentencesfromthepointof‘‘syntacticiconicity'’．Heclaimedthatsingleverbsaremostlyunboundedandcan’tleadtOanychanges．Onlybyaddingsomecomponentscanexhibitthestatechangeandterminationoftheaction．KuangLaying(2007)keptthesameideawiththem，whilesheproposedthecompensatorycomponentsbeusedwithsingleverbstoexpressthemeaningofterminationwhichcannotbereflectedbytheactionitself．Thesecompensatorycomponentscanbe(i)：auxiliaryverbswhichillustratetheattitudeandpsychologicalintentionofagents，suchasnenggou，yingdang,yuanyi(“能够，应当，愿意’’)，similartoEnglishmodalverbscan，should,will；(ii)：timeadverbsbijiang,zhongjiang(“必将，终将”)whichareusedtomeanthattheactionhasnotstarted；(iii)：adverbssuchaszongshi，laoshi，wangwang(“老是，总是，往往")showingfrequencyoftheaction；(iV)：negativeadverbsmei8 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemetyou，wei，bu(“没有，未，不")，whichcandenytheterminativeresultofactions；(v)：auxiliaryverbsillustratingtheterminativestateofactionssuchascengjing，zaoyLyijing(“曾经，早已，已经”)，whichareoftenaccompaniedbyle，guo(“了，过”)intheend．Somepeoplestudiedthepredicatesfromsemanticlevel．‘‘Syntacticformscloselyconcemwithsemanticmeaningofverbsandtheircollocationswithnouns(FanXiao，2006)．SheanalyzedthesemanticfeaturesofpredicatesinChinesebei-sentencesfromthesemanticvalenceofpredicatesandclaimedthatthepredicatesof‘Bei'-sentencescanneverbearbitrary．Thetypicalverbmustbemultivalentwhichcallbeeitherdivalentortrivalent．Veryfewmonovalentverbscangetaccessto‘Bei'-sentencesexceptfortheonessharingcertaincommonfeatures；theverbscaninvolveeitherthemeaningofchangeandresultinitselforintensemisfortune．Otherverbscanbeusedin‘Bei'-sentencesonlyiftheyareaccompaniedbyothersupplementarycomponentstoshowtheresultofaction．Ontheotherhand，thetypicalpredicatesin‘Bei'-sentencesmustbetheactionverbs．Sheenumeratedotherverbswhichcannotbeusedin‘Bei’．sentenceseasily,suchUSshuyu，haipa，nenggou(“属于，害怕，能够”)．Mostgrammariansagreethatbei—sentencesdepictderogatorysense．WangLi(1943)firstdescribedthesemanticfeaturesfromthisaspect‘'weuse‘Bei'-sentencesonlytodepictsomethingunexpectedorunpleasant，andtheverbsusedinthepredicatesarealwaysrelatedtothissemanticmeaning．’’WangHuan(1984)showedsomediscredit，despitetheagreementonthegeneralderogatorysense．Heproposedthattheverbsappearedinbei—sentencesarenottotallyderogatory,sometimesbeing9 MAThesispleasing．LiLinding(1980)madeexplanationinmoredetails．Heclaimedthatthederogatorysenseisnotjustlimitedtothepredicatesorthesubjects；thecontextshouldbeinvolved．Fromthepreviousstudyonthecharacteristicsofpredicateverbswefind，fromsyntacticstructure，itisdifficultforsingleverbstogetaccesstobei．sentencesexcepttobeaccompaniedbyotheradditionalcomponents．Thebasicverbsaremostlymultivalentandpronetoderogatorysensesemantically．Thesecharacteristicsrestrictthechoiceofverbsusedinbei．sentences．ActuallytheserestrictionshavebeenundermininginmodemChinese，however,thetypicalderogatorysensewithinbei．sentencesstillonthetopplacegenerally．1．1．3PartofSpeechofBei(被)ThecharacterbeiplaysanimportantroleinmodemChinesebei．sentences．Asforthesyntacticpositionofit，scholarshavemadegreatresearchwhileneverhasanagreementbeenreached．Thediscussionaboutthesyntacticpositionofbeiisconductedmostlyunderthetheoreticalframeworkofgrammaticalization，becomingparticularlyintensewiththeparticipationofgenerativegrammarians．Asweallknow,beiwasaverboriginally,withthemeaningsofcoveringandsuffering．ManygrammaticalchangeshappeningafterTangDynasty,thewordbeibecomesaformtagforChinesepassives，withinsuchsyntacticstructureas‘‘N+6ef-}-V”(LiShah，1994)．ThesyntacticstructurebecomesmoreandmoreintricateinmodemChinese，asaresult，thesyntacticpositionofbeiismoredifficulttoidentify．Generally,therearefourdifferentopinions：beibeingaproposition，averb，andanauxiliaryword10 ～SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemetandofbeingdual—role．StructurallinguistsZhaoYuanrenregardedbeiasapreposition，basedonthedistributionofitinbei—sentences．TheearlygenerativegrammariansequateChinesepassivestoEnglishpassives，andconsiderthebeiinChinesepassivesisequalwiththepreposition‘‘BY’’inEnglishpassives．Thisstatementwongreatpopularityatthattime；howeverdifferentproblemscameintosurfacesimultaneously．Firstly,prepositionisalwaysfollowedbyanounphraseasobject，withoutwhichprepositionstrandingwillbebroughtaboutandthuscauseungrammaticalsentences．However,bei-sentencesareoftenusedwithoutagentsfollowingthewordbei，especiallyinshortpassives．Secondl5asDengSiying(2003)pointedout，theprepositionphrasescanusuallybemovedtotheheadofasentence，whichcannotOccurtophraseswithbei．Soshe，aswellassomeotherscholars，advocatedtherestorationofthesyntacticpositionofbeiasaverb．“Inlong‘Bei'-sentences，intricatecomponentsareusedascomplementsoftheverb‘BEI’，whileaverbphraseasthecomplementinshort‘Bei’sentences．’’LiRenjian(1980)alsoregardedthebeiasaverb，nomatterinwhichcaseitis．Asthewordbeioriginallymeanssuffering，itisusuallyusedwithsuchwordsaszao，shou，ai(“遭，受，挨”)toformparallelstructures．Hethoughtthereisnoadequateevidencetoexplainthedifferentrolesofbei(被)whenitwasuseddirectlybeforetheagentorbeforetheverbphrase．Actually,theyarebothverbsnomatterwhichcaseitis．However，thewordbeiCallneitherbedoublednorbeusedintheformof“被不被”，whichalethecharacteristicsofChineseverbs．Thisphenomenonleadstothedoubtonthepartofspeechofbeiasaverb．Japaneselinguist MAThesisHasimoto(桥本万太郎)accountedthisastypicalfeaturesofthewordbeiinChinesepassives．Inordertoavoidtheproblemsabove，somepeopleconsideritasanauxiliarywordormorphologicalmorpheme，whichissimilartotheinflectionalmorpheme“．en”aRachedtoverbsinEnglishpassives．Inthiscase，thewordbeishouldbefollowedbyverbphrasesdirectly．However,inlongbei—sentences，therealwaysexistsomenounphrasesbetweenbeiandverbphrasestoindicatetheagentoftheaction．Ontheotherhand，amorphemeisthesmallestindivisibleunitwithinaword．Inthatcase，thewordbeishouldbeattachedtoverbphrasesclosely,whileitisoftenused‘oarationwithverbphrases．ZhangYishen(2003)madesuchinseparatlonWlthverbphrasesZhanglshengmaae．LJexplanationassomestructuresmadeupofanauxiliarybeiandaverbphrasearefossilizedintoonewordandtheelementbeiinsuchstructurebecomesamorphologicalmorpheme．Suchasbeidao，beihair‘被盗，被害")．Actuallythestandardforfossilizationhasneverbeenfixed．Theseinconsistentideastakenintoconsideration，anotherideawasputoutthatthewordbeihasdual-roles．“‘BEI’isapropositionwhenfollowedbyanounphraseastheagent，whileitshouldbeanauxiliarywhenfollowedbyaverbphrase．(LuShuxiang，1982)"ThisideawasapprovedbyLiJinxi(1992)，HeLeshi(2006)，andsomeotherscholars．AsChineseisinshortageofclearmorphologicalmarks，andtherearenotfixedcriteriatodistinguishtheprepositionandverb，theideaofbeingdual—roleseemstobemorepersuasive．However,inourstudyoftypicalbei-sentenceshere，whatpartofspeechshouldthewordbeibeatall?Arethereanynewusagesofbeiinsuchatypicalstructure?‘12 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheIntemet1．1．4SemanticStudyModemChinesebei—sentencesaregenerallyconsideredtobeaspecialpassivesentencewithbeiasitsformtag．Foritsgrammaticalmeaning，theideaofindicatingpassivemeaningmakesupthemajority,andiswidelyacceptedintheearlystudy．WangLi(1954)recognizedbei-sentencesaspassive，furtheranalyzingitssemanticcharacters，aswellassomeothergrammarians．Laterinthe1990s，somescholarschallengedthistraditionalidea．Theyfoundtheideaofbei—sentencesbeingalwayswithpassivemeaningshouldbereconsidered，forthereareanumberofbei—sentencesexemptfromit．Forexample，(2)他被那件事愁死了．Basingonthedoubt，JinYunjing(1996)proposedthatthemeaningofbei—sentencesliesontherelationsofAandB(A+BEI+B+VP)，inwhichAiSundertheinfluenceofB．AnotherproblemcloselyrelatedtothestudyofgrammaticalmeaningofChinesebei-sentencesisthesemanticcolorwhethertheyare’typicallyusedtodepicttheeventswhichareunexpected．Therearetwotrends：thefirstisrepresentedbyWangLi(1943)，agreeingthatbei-sentencesaremostlywithderogatorycolor；theotherideaisquitetheopposite，agreeingthatbei·sentencesarejustwithpassivemeaningratherthananyotheradditionalsemanticcolor．TheearlieststudyofsemanticcolorgenerallydatedbacktothestatementsofWangLi(1943)：“Thepassivesareusedtodescribesomethingunpleasantorunexpectedforsubject(patient)．Suchasbeingcheated，beinghurt，leadingtobadresult，andSOon．"Thisproposalgotapprovableresponsefromotherscholars，suchasLuShuxiang，ZhuDexi，ZhangZhigong，Dingshengshu，Wang13 MAThesisHuanandLiLinding．Theyallregardbei—sentencestobethetypicalcaseofdepictingderogatorymeaning．Thedifferenceisthattheyalsorealizethediachronicdevelopmentofbei—sentences．Moreandmorebei．sentenceswithcomplimentaryandneutralsensecomeintobeingundertheinfluenceofforeignlanguages．Thisisthegeneralideaamonggrammariansnowadays．LiLinding(1980)andLiShan(1994)definedtheobjectstowhichbei-sentencesapplythederogatorymeanings．(i)：theunexpectedorderogatoryeventsembodiedinbei-sentencesareexperiencedbythesubject，suchasbeingcheated，beinghurt，andleadingtobadresult(WangLi，1957)；(ii)：theunexpectedmeaningisembodiedinthepredicateverbs，suchas“欺负，辱骂，压迫，剥削，t批评”．Althoughsomeverbsarewithneutralorcomplementarysenses，theactionsareunexpectedatacertaintimeormayleadtobadresult(WangHuan，1984)；(iii)：thederogatorysensesaresometimesnotforthesubjectorotherelementsinthesentence，butforthespeakerusuallyabsentfromthesentence．Therefore，thesemanticcolorofbei-sentenceshouldnotbelimitedtOthepredicateverbs(LiLinding，1980)．Afterthehotdiscussionofitsderogatorysemanticcolor,somelinguistsputforwarddoubtonit．ZuRenzhi(1997)analyzedthestatisticsofthenumberofbei．sentencesinsomeliteratures，theneutralandcomplementaryusagemakingupalmostonethird．Sohedeclaredthatthebasicsemanticmeaningofbei-sentencesispassive；thederogatorysenseisjusttheadditionalsemantic．ChenYing(1997)madespecialstudyonbei-sentenceswithcomplementarysense，towhichthecontextattachesmuchconstraint．Theneutralsenseisusuallyseeninthe SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheInternetlandscape—describingsentences．Althoughtheyjusttaketheminorityofbei-sentences，weshouldadmittheyareapartofthesemanticcolorofit，ratherthantheexception．Thepreviousstudymakesgreatcontributionbutisstillcontroversial．Inthisthesis，wedevotetoprobingintothesemanticofnovelbei—sentenceandtheconstructionmechanism，whichmustbebasedonthesestudies．Wethinkthesemanticcolorofbei．sentencesshouldn’tbeputonoppositelevel．Thebasicsemanticshouldstillbepassive，thatisthesubject，asthepatientunexpectedlysufferstheinfluenceofanaction，asthepredicateverb，whichisoutofthepatient’Scontr01．Itisthisuniquesemanticcharacterthatmakesaccesstotheanalysisofnovelbei—sentenceswhichwillbeintroducedinthefollowingpart．1．2NovelUsageofBei-sentenceandCurrentStudyAtpresent，bei—sentencescomeintooursightfrequentlyontheintemetwithcompletelynovelsyntacticstructure，mainlyforthepredicateverbphrases．Suchas“被自杀”，“被就业”，“被开心”，whicharecollocationsbeyondtraditionalgrammarroles．Theseabnormalusages，originatinginthephrase“被自杀"，whichresultedfromansocialeventin2007，haveswepteachmediumevenourdailylife．Althoughdeviatedfromthesyntacticrequirementsofbei—sentencesinmodemChinese，theseextraordinarycollocationsareextremelyactiveinourdailylife．Notonlyaretheyacceptedbymoreandmorepeople，butalsotheyareregardedasoneofthemostpopularstructuresin2009．Someintemetusersevenjokedthatweareenjoyingthebeiage．ThipeciallanguagfcInnimmediatelyevokedthe‘ntere：ofsomqlhisspecmlanguagemmediatelyevokedtheinterestofSOmeInn15 MAThesislanguageresearchers．Thefirstwonderiswhythiskindofstructurecanholdwaterandwhatthemotivationforitscreationis．WangCanlong(2009)firstlyanalyzedthesemanticandsocialbackgroundofthisstructure，exemplifiedby“被自杀"．Hethinksthecommonpragmaticfunctionofthesestructuresistoemphasizethestateofbeinginvoluntaryandcompelled．SomescholarsthinkthatCallhighlightoursubjectivepsychologicaltendencies．“Bythisextraordinaryusageof‘Bei’sentences，thespeakersshowtheirsuspiciononthetruthofcertainsocialeventsandtheirsympathyfortheexperiencer．Itreflectsthepublic’Spsychologicaldesiretotakepartinpublicopinion(ZhangHengjun)．”XiaYing(2010)gaveanexplanationfromthelinguisticangle．Sheconsideredtheemergenceoftheseabnormalusagesistheinteractionofsomemechanismsoflanguage：innovationmechanism，analogymechanism，andeconomicmechanism．Thenextwonderisaboutthesemanticandpragmaticcharactersofthisnovelusage．LiuJie&ShaoJingmin(2010)claimedthesemanticmeaningofthenovelbei-structureisthattheagentimposedacertainattributeonthepeopleaffected．PengYongmei&GanYuen(2010)madeamoredetailedillustration．“Thepeopleexperiencesomesituationsinvoluntarily,whileinthestateofbeingunknown，orthesituationsbeingun．real．Thesituationsmaybeexpectedbytheexperiencer,suchasin“被增长”，“被就业"，orbeunexpectedin“被捐款”，orbeallobjectivefact．Theysharethecommonfeaturethatisfalsehood，SOmostofthemareusedinquotationmarks．’’Theanalysisonthestructureofpredicateverbphrasesinnovelbei-sentencesisagreatdiscovery．SuchasZhouWeihua&CaiZhongling，16 1．3SummarySofarthepreviousstudyonconventionalbei-sentenceshaslaidasolidfoundationforfurtherresearchonbei．sentencesontheIntemet．Thecurrentstudyonnovelbei—sentencesontheIntemetalsocontributedalottoourunderstandingoftheabnormalcollocation；howeverthereisalongwaytogo．Mostofthestudieswerecarriedonjustfromthelanguagelevel，mainlyfocusingonacertaincase，whichfellintothedescriptivestudies．Rarelyhasthedeepconstructionmechanismofbei-sentencesontheIntemetbeencovered．Therefore，thisthesistriestocomparativelyanalyzeitsrelationwithtraditionalbei—sentencesandmakeexplanativestudyonthethoughtprocessbehindtheconstructionofthisnovellanguageusagefrommultipleangles．17 MAThesis18 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheInternetChapterTwoTheoreticalFoundationsandMethodologyThisthesistriestogiveatheoreticalaccountoftheconstructionofbei—sentencesontheInter．net．Theauthorbelievesthatitisaprocessofconceptualblending．Sointhischapterthetheoryofconceptualblendingwillbeintroduced，includingitsfoundations：conceptualmetaphorandmentalspace．Otherwise，theanalyzingmethodsthroughoutthethesiswillalsobepointedout．2．1ConceptualBlendingTheoryLanguage,asweuseit,isbutthetipoftheicebergofcognitiveconstruction．Asdiscourseunfolds，muchisgoingonbehindthescenes：Newdomainappear,t诹bareforged,abstractmeaningoperat已internalstructureemergesandspreads．viewpointandfocuskeepshifting．EverydaytalkandcommonsensereasoningaresupportedbYinvisible,highlyabstract,mentalcreations,which．．．helpstoguide,butdoesnotbyitselfdefine(Fauconnier1994)．Meaninggoesfarbeyondwordplay．Themeaningofasentenceisnotonlythecombinationofindividualword．HumanmindcanblendnewsituationswithourexperiencestogiveUSintelligibleblendswithattachedgrammaticalpatternsSOthattheexistinggrammaticalpatternscanexpressthenewsituations．Conceptualblendingisacommoncognitiveprocessonconstructingandconstruingthehiddenmeaningsbehindthesegrammaticalpatterns，whichiscentraltothewaywethink．Inthischapter, MAThesisthegeneraldescriptionofthecognitivetheoryadoptedinthisthesis---ConceptualBlendingTheorywillbegivenintermsofitstheoreticalfoundations，thenetworkmodel，theblendingprocess，andthetaxonomyofintegrationnetworksandthegoverningprinciplesofthistheory．2．1．1TheoreticalFoundationsofConceptualBlendingConceptualBlending，whichisalsoknownasConceptualIntegration，arisesoutoftwotraditionswithincognitivesemantics：ConceptualMetaphorTheoryandMentalSpacesTheory．(Evans&Green，2006)ItadoptsConceptualMetaphorTheoryintheaspectthatablendingnetworkconsistsofinputsinwhichelementsarelinkedbymappings，whiletakestheideafromMentalSpacesTheorythatthebasicconceptualunitsformingablendingnetworkshouldbementalspacesratherthandomainsadvocatedinConceptualMetaphorTheory．2．1．1．1ConceptualMetaphorTheoryConceptualMetaphorwasfirstpresentedbyLakoff&JohnsoninMetaphorsWeLiveBy,whichclaimsthat‘‘humanthoughtprocessesarelargelymetaphorical"．Conceptualstructureisorganizedbycross-domainmappings．Incognitivelinguistics，conceptualmetaphorreferstotheunderstandingofoneconceptualdomainwhichisthetargetdomainintermsofanothermoreconcreteorphysicalconceptasthesourcedomain．Conceptualmetaphorsareseeninlanguageusedinourdailylives，whichshapenotonlyourcommunication，butalsothewaywethinkandact．Everydaylanguageisfilledwithmetaphorswemayalwaysignore，all SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheInternetexampleofwhichisARGUMENTISWAR．Therearetwomainrolesfortheconceptualdomainspositedinthisconceptualmetaphor：Sourcedomain：theconceptdomainusedtoprovidethemeansofunderstandinganotherconcept(e．g．argumentiswar．)Targetdomain：thesemanticdomainmatisstructuredandunderstoodmetaphoricallyintermsofanotherdomain(e．g．argumentiswar)．AccordingtoConceptualMetaphorTheory,abstractthoughtsareunderstoodbythemappingofthesourcedomainontothetargetdomain．Metaphoricalmappingsarenotarbitrarybutarebasedonourbodilyexperience．Lakoff&Turner(1989)supposedthatmetaphoricalmappingofthestructureofasourcedomainontothatofatargetdomainusuallyconsistsofthefollowing：(1)Slotsinthesourcedomain，whicharemappedontoslotsinthetargetdomain．(2)Relationsinthesourcedomain，whicharemappedontorelationsinthetargetdomain．(3)Propertiesinthesourcedomain，whicharemappedontopropertiesinthetargetdomain．(4)Knowledgeinthesourcedomain，whichismappedontoknowledgeinthetargetdomain．Toexplorethemechanismofmetaphoricalmapping，therealethreeaspectsworthtobenoticed．Thefirstisthatmetaphoricalmappingusuallyinvolvesmappingofstructures，propertiesandlogicalrelations．Thesecondisthatmappingispartialandselective，whichmeansthat21 MAThesismappinghighlightsonlysomeelementsofthesourcedomainwhilehidesothers．Thethirdisthatthenewconceptisnotsimplythecombinationofprojectedelements，butformsasystemofitsownbyfusingtheelementsfromthetwodomains．ConceptualMetaphorshowsitsexplanatorypoweronelaboratemetaphorswithhighentrenchment，suchasorientationalmetaphors，structuralmetaphorsandontologicalmetaphors．However,asfornovelmetaphors，thetheoryshowsweakness．Becausecognitivelinguisticsareexcessivelyconcemedwiththeroleofmetaphorinhumancognition，butdonottrytomakeexplanationonhowmetaphorreallyworks．Cateringtotheneed，ConceptualBlendingTheorywasputforward．2．1．1．2MentalSpaceTheoryFauconnierputsforwardanassumptionInMentalSpaces：AspectsofMeaningConstruction伽NaturalLanguagethatmentalspacesareconstructedwheneverwethinkandtalk．“Amentalspaceisarelativelysmallconceptualpackagebuiltforpurposeoflocalunderstandingandaction．Theyareverypartialassembliescontainingelements，andstructuredbyframesandcognitivemodels．Theyareinterconnectedandcanbemodifiedasthoughtanddiscourseunfold．"(Fauconnier＆Turner,1998)InConceptualBlendingTheory,mentalspacesareputforwardtointerpretthemeaningconstructionandinferencereasoning．AccordingtoFauconnier'meaningconstructioninvolvestwomainprocesses：thebuildingofmentalspacesandthemappingsbetweenthementalspaces．Mentalspacescontainspecifickindsofinformationconstructed‘on—line’．Theprinciplesofmentalspaceformationandthe SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemetmappingsbetweenmentalspaceshavethepotentialtoyieldunlimitedmeanings．Thathowtobuildmentalspacesandhowtobuildrelationsbetweentheminvolveelaboratedprocesses．Spacebuilders：mentalspacesaresetupbyspacebuilders，whicharelinguisticunitsthateitherpromptfortheconstructionofanewmentalspaceorshiftattentionbackandforthbetweenpreviouslyconstructedmentalspaces．Theycanbeexpressionslikeprepositionalphrasestoindicatethetime，placeandSOon(／n1966，attheshop)，adverbs(really,probably)，connectives(莎then，either⋯or)aswellasthespeakers’backgroundknowledge．Elements：mentalspacescontainelementswhichareeitherconstructedon-lineorpre-existingintheconceptualsystem．Suchasthenounphrases(NPs)includinglinguisticexpressionslikenames，descriptions，pronounsandSOon．Propertiesandrelations：meaningconstructionalsoprocessesinformationabouthowtheelementsinmentalspacesarerelated．Spacebuildersspecifythepropertiesassignedtoelementsandtherelationsbetweenelementswithinasinglespace．Mentalspacesarestructuredbytheinternalexistingknowledgestructures：framesandidealizedcognitivemodels．Thespacebuilders，theelementsandpropertiesandrelationspromptedforrecruitingthepre-existingknowledgestructure．Onceamentalspacehasbeenconstructed，itislinkedtotheothermentalspacesestablishedduringdiscourse．，However,howaredifferentmentalspaceslinkedtooneanotherandhowtheelementswithindifferentmentalspacescanbelinked?Elementsindifferentspacesarelinkedbyconnectorswhichset MAThesisupmappingsbetweencounterpartelements，whichinvolvethecompressionofvitalrelations．Avitalrelationisalinkthatmatchestwocounterpartelementsorpropertiesintheinputspaces，suchasTime，Space，Representation，Role—value，Analogy,Cause-effect，Part—wholeandSOon．ThoughMentalSpaceTheorygivessomereferencesontheproductionandinterpretationofmeaningofnaturallanguage，yetitlingersonageneraltheoreticalframeandcannotgiveUSadetailedmentalprocess．ThereforeFauconniermakeseffortstounveilthesecretsofon-linemeaningconstructionofnaturallanguage．In1997，FauconnierpublishedMappingsinThoughtandLanguage,whereConceptualBlendingTheoryisputforwardinasystematicway．In2002，theycollaboratedonTheWayWeThink,whichismorematureandhasgreaterpowertOaccountformeaningconstruction．2．1．2ConceptualBlendingNetworks2．1．2．1TheNetworkModelofConceptualBlendingThenetworkmodelisconcernedwithon—line，dynamiccognitiveprocesstoconstructmeaningforlocalpurposesofthoughtandaction．Conceptualprojectionistakenasallinstrumentofon—linework．Thecentralprocessisconceptualblending．“Theconceptualblendingnetworksconsistoftwoormoreinputspacesstructuredbyinformationfromdiscretecognitivedomains，ageneticspacethatcontainsstructurecommontoallspaces，andablendedspacethatcontainsselectedaspectsofstructurefromeachinputspace，andemergentstructureofitsown．Blendinginvolvestheestablishmentofselectivemappingsindifferent‘24 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetspacesinthenetworks，andtheprojectionofconceptualstructurefromspacetospace’’(Coulson&Oakley,2003：54)．Thisisaminimalnetwork．Networksinothercasesmayhavemoreinputspacesandevenmultipleblendedspaces．Thebuildingofaconceptualblendingnetworkinvolvessettingupinputspaces，matchingacrossspaces，projectingselectivelyofinputsintotheblendedspaces，locatingsharedstructures，recruitingtheemergentstructureintheblendandfinallyrunningvariousoperationsintheblenditself．Thefollowingfigurehasaclearideaaboutthedynamicprocessofmeaningconstructioninourdailylife．GenericspaceBlendtIIconceptualblendingnetwork(Fauconnier＆Turner．1998。WebVersion)Thecirclesstandsformentalspaces,thesolidlinesiSthemappingbetweentheinputs,thedottedlinesindicateconnectionsbetweeninputsandeithergenericorblendedspacesandthe MAThesissolidsquareintheblendedspacerepresentsemergentstructure(Fauconnier&Tumer,1998)Inthisbasicdiagram，therearefourspaces：thetwoinputs，thegenericspace，andtheblend．Thematchingbetweeninputspacesispartial．Elementsofonementalspaceusuallyhavecounterpartsinotherspaces．Thecross-spacemappingconnectscounterpartsintheinputspaces．Suchcounterpartconnectionsareusuallyaccompaniedbythe‘‘vitalrelations"mappings，suchas，change，identity,time，space，cause-effect，part—whole，role，analogy．Thegeneticspacecontainsthestructuressharedintheinputswhichintum，mapsontoeachoftheinputs．Thatis，anelementinthegeneticspacemapsontopairedcounterpartsinthetwoinputspaces．Somestructuresofinputspaceswouldbeprojectedselectivelyintothefourthspace，theblendedspace．Thatis，notallelementsandrelationsfromtheinputsareprojectedtotheblend，butonlythematchedinformation，whichisrequiredforthepurposeoflocalunderstanding．Blendscontainnotonlythesharedstructureandelementsingenericspace，butalsomorespecificstructurefromourknowledgebackgroundthatcanfacilitatethegenerationofemergentstructure．Theblendgeneratesemergentstructurewhichiscrucialtotheperformanceofthereasoningtask(Fauconnier&Tumer,1998)．Thesquareinsidetheblendrepresentstheemergentstructurearisingfromthenetworkwhichisnotcopieddirectlyfromanyinput，butisgeneratedcollaborativelythroughthreecognitiveprocesses：composition，completionandelaboration．Composition，alsoknownasfusion，meansthatblendingcancomposeelementsfromtheinputspacestoprovide SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetrelationsthatdonotexistintheseparateinputs．Whenwebuildmatchesbetweeninputs，weusuallybringintotheblendsomebackgroundknowledgeandstructureunconsciously．Thiskindofrecruitmentispatterncompletion．Lastly,weelaborateblendsbytreatingthemassimulationsandrunningthemimaginatively．2．1．2．2TypesofBlendingNetworkBeforewetalkaboutthetypesofblendingnetworks，wehavetoknowabouttheorganizationframe，foritisvitalinourclassificationofblendingnetworks．Mentalspacesareconnectedtolong—termschematicknowledgecalled“frames”andtOlong—termspecificknowledge．Anorganizingflameforamentalspaceisaflamethatspecifiesthenatureoftherelevantactivity,events，andparticipants．Framesareexperiencestructures．Anorganizingflameprovidesatopologyforthespaceitorganized--thatis，itprovidesasetoforganizingrelationsamongtheelementsinthespace．Whentwospacessharethesameorganizingflame，theysharethecorrespondingtopologyandSOcaneasilybeputintocorrespondence(Fauconnier,G&M．Turner,2002)．AsFauconnier&Turner(2002)pointsout，therearerichpossibilitiesofintegrationnetworkasaresultofthemultiplepossibilitiesforcompression，thetopologyofmentalspaces，thekindsofconnectionsamongthem，thekindsofprojectionandemergence，andtherichnessoftheworld．Amidthisdiversity,fourtypesofblendingnetworksaremoreoutstanding：simplexnetwork,mirrornetwork,single-scopenetwork，anddouble—scopenetwork．VyvanEvansandMelanieGreen(2006)introducedanothertypeofnetwork：multipleblendsnetwork,intheir27 MAThesisbookCognitiveLinguisticsAnIntroduction．SimplexNetworks：Thisisanespeciallysimplekindofintegrationnetworkinwhichhumanculturalandbiologicalhistoryhasprovidedaneffectiveframe，therelevantpartoftheframeinoneinputisprojectedwithitsroles，andtheelementsareprojectedfromtheotherinputasvaluesofthoseroleswithintheblend．Sorole．valueconnectioniSvitalinthiskindofnetwork．Forexample，“PaulisthefatherofSally’’(Fauconnier&Tumer,2002：120)．InputIcontainsakinshipframe．InputII’oecific．|ituationmtainingnothinbutPau’mdSail'InthelSaspecificsltuatmncontainingnomlngOUtgaulanozany．inmeblend，theabstractframeininputIandPaulandSallyininputIIaleprojectedandfused．SallyisframedasdaughterandPaulisframedasfather．MirrorNetwork：Amirrornetworkisaconceptualintegrationnetworkinwhichallmentalspaces一一input，genericandblend-一shareanorganizingframe．Andthesharedorganlzmgfi'ameottersatopology．¨：le．一。·一^^‘m1inputsmirroreachotherinthesensethattheyhavethesameorganizingflame．Theblendedspacealsohasthatframe，andthecommonorganizingframeofthenetworkintheblendofteninherearicherframethatuniquetotheblend．Thiskindofnetworkisrelativelyastandardtypeinconceptualintegrationnetwork．Inmirrornetworks，therearenoclashesbetweentheinputsattheleveloforganizingfame，becausetheframesalethesame．MirrornetworksperformcompressionsoverthevitalrelationsofTime，Space，Identity,Cause-Effect，Change，Intentionality,andRepresentation，withthesharedframeprovidinglinkedrolesautomatically．Single—scopeNetwork：Asingle—scopenetwork,alsoknownas1●●●●l ratherthantheother．Thiskindofnetworkistheprototypeofhighlyconventionalsource—targetmetaphor．Theinputthatprovidestheorganizingflametotheblend，theflaminginput，isoftencalledthe¨source”，andtheinputthatisthefocusofunderstanding，thefocusinput，isoftencalledthe”target"．(FauconnierandTurner2002：127)Inasimplemetaphoricblendlikethis，projectionfrominputstoblendishighlyasymmetric：oneoftheinputsbutnottheothersuppliestheorganizingframeandthereforeflame·-topology．Single··scopenetworksofferahighlyvisibletypeofconceptualclash，sincetheinputshavedifferentframes．Double—scopeNetwork：Thetwoinputshavedifferent(andoftenclashing)framestructuresindouble-scopenetwork，andtheorganizing⋯flamefortheblendinheritsbothoftheflamesanddevelopsintoanewemergentstructureofitsown．Becauseofthepossibilityofrichclashes：betweentheelementsprojected，theresultingblendsCallbehighlycreative．Considerthefamiliaridiomaticmetaphor“Yo．uarediggingyourowngrave’’MultipleBlendsNetwork：differentconceptualblendingnetworksmakeupacontinuum．Theelaboratedblendsmayworkasinputsforanotherconceptualblendingnetworkinturn．Thereneednotbeasinglegenericspaceforamultipleblendnetwork．TherearetwomainwaysinwhichnetworksCanbemultipleblends．Eitherseveralinputsareprojectedinparallel，ortheyareprojectedsuccessivelyintointermediateblends，whichtheythemselvesserveasinputstofurtherblends．Multiple MAThesisblendscancomprisethefourtypesofnetworksaswehavementionedabove．2．1．2．3CompressionofVitalRelationsWedonotestablishmentalspaces，connectionsbetweenthem，andblendedspacesfornoreason．Oneofthemostimportantaspectsofourcreativityisthecompressionachievedthroughblending．Inputspacescanbelinkedthroughmanyrelationswhichwecalltheouter-spacerelationsandthesevitalrelationscanbecompressedintorelationsinsidetheblend—whatwecallinner-spacerelations．Thevitalrelationsandtheircompressionarethekeyelementsthatfunctioninintegrationandmeaningconstruction．FauconnierandTurnerhaveproposedthatthevitalrelationsareCause-Effect，Time，Space，Identity,Change，Role—Value，Part-Whole，Similarity,Intentionality,Analogy,andUniquenessandSOOn．2．1．3ProcessofConceptualBlendingandEmergentStructureBuildingallintegrationnetworkinvolvesintricateprocesses：settingupmentalspaces，establishingcounterpartconnectorsb．etweeninputspaces，matchingacrossspaces，projectingselectivelytoablend，locatingsharedstructures，projectingbackwardtoinputs，recruitingnewstructuretotheblend，andrunningvariousoperationsintheblenditself．Emergentstructurearisesintheblendthatisnotcopieddirectlyfromanyinput．Howdoestheprocessofconceptualblendingoperate?AccordingtoFauconnierandTurner(2002)，therearethreeoperationsinvolvedintheprocessofconceptualblending：composition，completion， SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemetandelaboration．Compositionisthemoststraightforwardprocess．Itcancombinetheelementsfromtheinputspaceswhichareprojectedintotheblendedspacetoproviderelationsthatdonotexistintheseparateinputs．Inaddition，fusionoftheprojectedelementsintheblendmayoccurinthisprocess．Counterpartelementscanbecomposedbybeingincludedseparatelyintheblend，orbybeingprojectedontothesameelementintheblend，whichwerefertoas“fusion"．Itneedtobementionedthatthecontentsachievedinthiscompositionprocessmayormaynotberealistic．Completioninvolvesschemainductionwhichinvolvestheunconsciousandeffortlessrecruitmentofbackgroundframeknowledge，cognitiveandculturalpattems．Thestructureisrecruitedto“fillout'’orcompletetheinformationprojectedfromtheinputsinordertOderivetheblend．Patterncompletionisthemostbasickindofrecruitment，whichoccurswhenthestructureformedbyprojectedelementsintheinputisactivatedbylong—termmemoryinhumanbrain．Aminimalcompositionintheblendcanbeextensivelycompletedbyalargerconventionalpattem，SOthecompletionprocessisoftenasourceofemergentcontentintheblend．Weelaborateblendsbytreatingthemassimulationsandrunningthemimaginativelyaccordingtotheprinciplesthathavebeenestablishedfortheblend．Thisprocessissometimescalledrunningtheblend．Therearealwaysmanydifferentpossiblelinesofelaboration，andtheelaborationCangoonindefinitely．Wecanruntheblendasmuchandinasmanyalternativedirectionsaswechoose．WeCanrecruitanddevelopnewstructurefortheblendinwaysthatareprincipledbuteffectively MAThesisunlimited．Thisopen-endednatureofcompletionandelaborationcontributetothecreativepossibilitiesofblending．2．1．4OptimalityPrinciples“Incrucialrespects，theconstructionofmeaningisliketheevolutionofspecies．Ithascoherentprinciplesthatoperateallthetimeinextremelyrichmentalandculturalworlds．Manynewblendingareattemptedandmostofthemnevergoanywhere．Weneedtoexplorewhatmakesforasuccessfulconceptualintegration”(Fauconnier,2002)．Fauconnier&Turnerlisttheconceptualblendingconstraintsunderwhichblendsworkmosteffectively．Apartfromthosestructuralanddynamicprocessesofconceptualblending-partialcross-spacemappings，selectiveprojectiontotheblend，developmentofemergentstructureintheblend，FauconnierandTurnerproposedsomeoptimalityprinciples．TopologyPrinciple：OtherthingsbeingequalsetuptheblendandtheinputsSOthatusefultopologyintheinputsandtheirouter-spacerelationsisreflectedbyinner-spacerelationsintheblend．PatternCompletionPrinciple：Otherthingsbeingequal，completeelementsintheblendbyusingexistingintegratedpatternsasadditionalinputs．Otherthingsbeingequaluseacompletingframethathasrelationsthatcanbethecompressedversionsoftheimportantouter-spacevitalrelationsbetweentheinputs．IntegrationPrinciple：Theblendmustconstituteatightlyintegratedscenethatcanbemanifestedasaunit．Moregenerally’everyspaceintheblendshouldhaveintegration．Theintegrationprincipleaimstoachieve32 anintegratedblendandhelpstheblendtohumanscale．MaximizationofVitalRelationsPrinciples：Otherthingsbeingequal，theblendmaximizevitalrelationsinthenetwork．Inparticular,maximizethevitalrelationsintheblendedspaceandreflecttheminouter-spacevitalrelations．IntensificationofVitalRelationsPrinciple：Otherthingsbeingequal，intensifyvitalrelations．WebPrinciple：Otherthingsbeingequal，manipulatingtheblendasaunitmustmaintainthewebofappropriateconnectionstotheinputspaceseasilyandwithoutadditionalsurveillanceorcomputation．Theblendmustbeabletobeprojectedbacktotheinputs)UnpackingPrinciple：Otherthingsbeingequal，theblendallbyitselfshouldpromptforthereconstructionoftheentirenetwork．RelevancePrinciple：Otherthingsbeingequal，allelementintheblendshouldhaverelevance，includingrelevanceforestablishinglinkstootherspacesandforrunningtheblend．Conversely,anouter-spacerelationbetweentheinputsthatisimportantforthepurposeofthenetworkshouldhaveacorrespondingcompressionintheblend．GoodReasonPrinciple：Allthingsbeingequal，ifelementappearsintheblend，therewillbepressuretofindsignificanceforthiselement．Significancewillincluderelevantlinkstootherspacesandrelevantfunctioninrunningtheblend．Thatistosay,ifelementappearsintheblend，itshouldappearforsomekindofreasonandhavecorrespondingmeaning．Thereshouldberelevanceamongelementsintheblend．Thereisoneoverarchinggoaldrivingalloftheprinciples：Achievehumanscale．Achievementofahuman—scaleblendoftenrequires33 MAThesisimaginativetransformationsofelementsandstructureinanintegrationnetworkastheyareprojectedtotheblend．2．1．5HumanScaleInthelastpart，wehavesaidthattheconstitutiveandgovemingprinciplesaimtoachievehumanscale，actuallywithitsnoteworthysubgoals：compresswhatisdiffuse，obtainglobalinsight，strengthenvitalrelationsbymakingnewonesorbyintensifyingexistingonesorbyconvertingvitalrelationsofonetypeintoanother,comeupwithastory,gofrommanyelementsintheinputstooneorfewintheblend．Thesegoalsarenotindependentbutinteractedtohelptoachievehumanscale．ThehumanscaleiSthelevelatwhichitiSnaturalforUStohavetheimpressionthatwehavedirect，reliable，andcomprehensiveunderstanding．Thatis，undertheguideofourcognitiveandculturalknowledgebackground，wecanhaveavividandeasyaccesstothenetworkoftheblendthroughtheelementsinit．2．2MethodologyTograsptheexactmeaningofbei—sentencesontheIntemet，theauthorcollectedagreatmanyexamplesfromtheInternet，andmadecontraststudywithconventionalbei-sentences．Withthisworkwelldone，casestudyWasmadeinthesupportofconceptualblendingandtheideasofsociallinguistics．2．2．1DataCollectionThefocusofthisstudyisabouttheanalysisofspecialChinese SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei·sentencesontheInternetbei-sentencewhichisnotwidelyusedindailylifebutfrequentlysawontheInternetandsomecriticalarticles．Inordertogiveacleardefiningscale，aseriesofcomprehensivedataisessential．ThelanguagedatescitedinthisthesisarechieflyselectedfromtheIntemetandNewspapers．2．2．2ContrastiveAnalysisAsthespecialChinesebei—sentencejustsweptovertheInternetforashortperiod，thereisstillalongwaytogo，comparedwiththestandardbei-sentencewhichhasgotefficientandcomprehensivestudy．ThroughthecontrastiveanalysisofnovelandstandardChinesebei—sentence，thedissertationaimsatuncoveringthesimilaritiesanddifferences，furtheruncoveringthedeepmechanismwhichunderliestheconstructionofthisnovelusage．2．2．3CaseStudyThedissertationwilladoptthecognitiveapproach-conceptualblendingandfollowthefoundationalassumptionofcognitivelinguistics“humanexperience-conceptualization-schematization—linguisticforms"tomakeacasestudyofthenovelChinesebei-sentence，aswellastheapproachofsociolinguistics，aimingatuncoveringthedeepmechanismofitsconstruction．35 MAThesis36 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetChapterThreeContrastiveAnalysisofNovel1h●‘●·1J1·●l1h■‘11et-sentencesWltnL0nVentional11et-sentencesConventionalbei—sentenceisgenerallyconsideredasthemostcommonpassivestructure，thetypicalsyntacticformofwhichisNI+BEI+(N2)+VP(thesubjectisservedbyapatientandtheagent，whichmaybeprominentorhidden，isintroducedbybei，similartOthepreposition‘留P’inEnglish)．Theusageofthisformmustbeunderthepremisethatthesubjectisinthestateofbeingdisposed，andtheresultisunexpectedandunpleasant．Asaresult，thepredicateverbsareusuallytransitiveverbswiththesenseofstrongdisposalandmaybringaboutcertaineffectonthesubject．Therearealwaysadditionalcomponentssuchas“着，了，过"attachingtotheverbstoshowthedisposalresult．However,akindofnovelbei—sentencesontheInternetwithextraordinaryconstructionssuchas“被自杀"，“被幸福"，“被神经病"winsourattentionnowadays，whichisratherdeviatedfromtheconventionalusage．Howcanthisabnormalconstructioncoexistwiththeconventionalbei·-sentencesdeep·-rootedinChinese?Inordertogetaccesstousageofthenovelbei—sentences，thereisnecessitytostudyitsconnectionwiththeconventionalbei-sentences．Thischapterwillprobeintothesyntacticandsemanticcharacteristicsofbei-sentencesthroughthecontrastiveanalysiswjthconventionalbei．sentences．37 MAThesis3．1SyntacticAnalysisofConventionalandNovelBei-sentences3．1．1SyntacticAnalysisofConventionalBei-sentencesIn‘modemChinese，bei-sentenceisthetypicalpassivesentencewiththepassivemarkerbei，attractingmanyscholars’interest，duetonotonlyitscomplexstructure，butalsothespecialusageofbei．Asforthesyntacticstructure，conventionalbei．sentencesaredividedinto“唧]+被+[NP】+【VP】”and“tNP]+被+[VP]”(JinYunjing，1996)．Fortheconvenienceofcontrast，thethesisadoptthestructure“NI+被(N2)+VP”．Here，N1standsforthesubjectofthesentence，VPfortheactionverb，N2fortheagentoftheactionwhichisoptional．Itiscalledlongbei-sentencewhenN2ispresented；otherwiseitisashortbei-sentence(LiJinglian，2009)．3．1．1．1SyntacticCharacteristicsofN1，N2N1，asthesubjectofbei—sentences，isflexibleinsyntacticstatus．Apartfromnouns，itcanbepronouns，verbs，adjectives，nounphrases，andverbphrases．Exemplifiedby：(3)N忆被歌声冲断了。(4)平衡被破坏了。(5)乌世保要说库兵判定死刑的事，被寿明用眼色止住了。(邓友梅《烟壶》)AlthoughN1inthefirsttwoexamplesareverbandadjectiverespectivelyfromthepartofspeech，yettheysharethereferentialfunction．Forthelastexample，NIisactedbyaverbphrase，however,itcallbereplacedbyanounphrase“那件事”．Sowecanseethatwhatever38 Actually,thesearenotthetypicalpassives，oftenknownasbei-sentenceswithoutpassiverelation，forweusuallyusethesetoemphasizetheagentnounsafterbei，ratherthanthepatientsubjectinpassives(JiangShaoyu，1994)．Fromthepointofsyntacticstatus，thecomponentN2hasthesimilarcharacterwithN1．Theyarealsoreferentialcomponentswhichcanbenouns，pronouns，etc．However,N2isoptionalinChinesebei—sentences．Sometimesitisimplied，whenithasbeenmentionedaboveoritisnotconvenienttoappearinsomesituations．Wecanusuallysupplementtheseimpliedelementsexceptinsomesyntacticallyrestrictedcases．Thefirstcaseiswhen“被”isfollowedbyamonosyllabicactionverb，forexample：“被迫"，“被逼”，etc．Theotheriswhentheverbisfollowedby“于"anditsobject，forexample：(8)反动派被弃于人民．(MoHongxia，2002)Ingeneral，bei-sentenceswithN2followedbeioutnumbertheoneswithoutN23．1．1．2RestrictionsontheSelectionofVPAsoneofthespecialsyntacticformsinChinese，bei—sentenceshavesomespecialcharacteristicsonthepredicateverbs，whoseusageisneverrandom．InoldChinese，bei-sentencesoftenadoptedsuchstructuralform39 MAThesisas‘‘N+被+V”，andtheverbsweremostlymonosyllabic．Forexample：(9)“信而见疑，忠而被谤，能无怨乎"(史记·屈原贾生列传)．Ontheotherhand，mostofthesemonosyllabicverbswereuseddirectlyafter“被”，withoutanycomponentsbetweenthem．ItwasuntilWeiandJinDynastiesthatthemonosyllabicverbstendtodevelopintodisyllablesthroughdifferentcombinations；thefirstiscombinationwithothermorphemesandtheotheriswithsuchauxiliarywordsas“着”，“了"，“过"．Thestructuralformofbei．sentenceturnedmoreandmorecomplicatedsimultaneously,distinguishedfortheappearanceofagentbetweenbeiandtheverbatthelateHanDynasty．Forexample：(10)若非侠客怀冤，定被平王捕逐。(伍子胥变文，敦煌变文集)(11)一朝被马踏，唇裂板齿无。(杜甫：赠戏友)Thepassivestructure“NI+被+N2+V"Wasconsolidatedfromthenon．Bei．sentencesofmodemChinesefollowedthesetrendsandmadefurtherdevelopment．Forexample，thepredicatecanseldombeactedalonebymonosyllabicverbs．Ontheotherhand，inordertodescribeaneventmoreclearly,thestructuralformgetsmoreintricate．Theactionverbcanbefollowedbyobject，adverbial，andcomplement．(12)d'周被小偷偷去了手表。(FanXiao，2006)(13)我们被他派人追上了。(LiLinding，1980)Asthesecasesarenotthefocusofthisthesis，nomorediscussionaboutitwillbemadehere．‘'N1被(N2)+VP”isthemostfundamentalstructureinChinesepassives，whileitistheonewiththemostrestriction．Suchasthefollows：1)Theverbsshouldbedisyllabicverbswiththesenseofresult，forexample“撤职"；2)withanadverbialbeforetheverb，forexample“可能，必将、已 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternet经"，“没有、不”(14)这一点必将被历史证明。(15)你明天可能会被老师批评。(16)他一直不被重用。3)whentheverbsareusedinsuchstructure“A被B所V”．ThisformistheremainsofoldChinese，SOitiswithstrongclassicalcolor．Tosumup，fewverbscanbeusedinthebasicpassivepattern“NI+被(N2)+VP”buttomeettheselectionrestrictions．Thetypicalverbistransitiveactionverbwithstrongsenseofdisposal．Asfortherestrictiononsemanticlevel，wewillgivemorediscussionlater．3．1．1．3StatusandFunctionofBeiItisgenerallyagreedthatbei-sentenceisthetypicalChinesepassivewithamarkerbei，thusthesignificantroleofit．Astheresultofcomplicatedstructuralformsofbei—sentences，thesyntacticstatusofbeiisnevereasytoidentify．Accordingtothepreviousstudies，itisusuallyconsideredasaproposition，averb，andanauxiliarywordandofbeingdual-role．Althoughconsensushasnotbeenreachedatthisproblem，itiscertainthatbeiplaysmultiplerolesinmodemChinese．Asforthefunctionofit，therearealsodifferentsounds：a．todemonstratethesubjectofthesentenceisthepatientofanaction(《现代汉语词典》)b．tointroducetheagentoftheactionortoindicatethepassivenessoftheactionwhenuseddirectlybeforetheactionverb．(《现代汉语虚词例释》)c．tointroducetheagentofanactioninpassivesentences(《现代汉41--l-一．■■■_■r MAThesis语八百词》)d．toformapassivesentence，indicatingthepassiverelationofthesentencestructure(《现代汉语句型》)Actually,thefunctionsof“被’’areveryclearaslongasitisusedinapassivesentence．Wemaygenerallysummarizeitasfollows：tointroducetheagentofaction；toindicatethepatientatthebeginningofthesentence：toformthepassiverelation．3．1．2SyntacticAnalysisofNovelBei-sentencesToillustratethesyntacticstructureofnovelbei-sentences，itwillsufficetoenumeratesomeoftheinfluentialexamples．(17)余守亮“被自杀"，来自公安局的绝版传奇(金羊网，2009—9．2)(18)2009年7月，我毕业了，也“被就业”了。(天涯论坛，2009．7．18)(19)17：l，我们又“被代表"了?(羊城晚报，2009—8．3)(20)捐50返100我们“被捐款”了(人民网，2009．8．27)(21)我们工资降了20％，但国家统计局硬说我们长了11％，我很高兴我的工资“被增长”了000(http：Nwww．tianya．cn)(22)又有多少人“被小康”了?(大众网，2009．12．24)3．1．2．1BasicSyntacticFormofNovelBei-sentencesThefirstappearanceofnovelbei—sentenceiStheuseofIntransitiveverb“自杀’’．“被自杀’’meansthatapersonwithoutthemotivationtosuicidehasbeensaidtosuicidewhiletherealsituationmaybethathewasactuallykilledbyothersorforcedtOsuicide．Thisabnormalcollocationstirredupmanypeople’Scuriosityinstantly,andmoreandmoreanalogoususagesemergedontheInternet，suchas“被捐款"，“被忏42。1'■—■■， SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBe#sentencesOiltheInteract悔"，“被失踪”，“被辞职"．Thiskindofnovelusagewassogeneralizedthatnotonlyverbsbutalsosomenounsandpropernounsevenadjectivescouldbetisedafter“被"，suchas“被和谐”，“被幸福"，“被小康"，“被车祸”，“中国被G2"．NowadaystheseusagesareSOpervasiveasifthereisnothingthatcouldn’tbeusedinbei—sentences．Fromtheusagesexemplifiedabove，itisnotdifficulttofindthatnovelbei‘sentencesontheIntemetabandonthefirstsyntacticformofconventionalbei—sentences(Nl+被+N2+VP)，totallyadopttheotherone“NP+被+VP"，withthedifferencethatVPsarereplacedbymanydifferentcomponents．AlltheagentsN2arevacantinnovelbei—sentences．Inordertodistinguishfromconventionalbei—sentences，thenovelonesaremarkedas“NP+被+X’，．3．1．2．2CharacteristicsofNEXOnceforcedtodosomethingunwillingorsaidtohavedonesomethingwhichisactuallyundone，peoplewillthinkoftheform“被+X"toexpresstheirdissatisfactionandhelpless．SothesubjectNPinnovelbei—sentencesisalwaysnounsreferringtothepeopleororganizationsthataredisadvantagedandunderpressure．“X’’innovelbei-sentencesareratherintricate，includingverbs，nouns，adjectives，andothercomponents．Verbsoutnumberothers，whicharealsoratherintricateitself,including：a．intransitiveverbs：被自杀被自愿被就业被痊愈被觉醒被中考被发烧b．transitiveverbs：被代表被培训被赞成C．verbs+object：被脱贫被捐款被结婚被用水被脱贫43 MAThesisd．modifier+verb：被主动辞职被合作医疗Theadjectivesaremostlydisyllablewords，suchas：被和谐被幸福被开心被富裕被巧合Thenounsaremostlydisyllabic，sometimestrisyllabicornounphrases，suchas：被车祸被网瘾被精神病被下等人被潜规则Othercomponents：被G2、被67％Theconstructionof“被+VP”inconventionalChineseisaframewithpowerfulassimilationfunction．ItenablesUStoconstruetheabnormal“被+X，’bythenormalpattern．Whenanintransitiveverbornounsgetaccesstotheconstructionof“被+X’’，theywillbeendowedwiththefunctionofantransitiveverbunderthestronginfluenceofassimilationfunctionoftheflame“被+VP”3．1．2．3SyntacticStatusandFunctionof‘‘被+X’’Thecomponent‘‘被+X，’innovelbei-sentenceshasexperiencedtheevolutionfromasyntacticcomponenttoafixedlexicalconstruction．Thoseintransitiveverbs，aswellasthenon-verbswhichcannotbeusedinconventionalbei-sentencesmaycomeintothisconstruction．Evenforsometransitiveverbs，onceusedinthisconstruction，theiroriginalmeaningwillundeaakegreatchanges．Becauseoftheinseparablerelationbetween“被’’and“X，’，theconstructionof“被+．X’’arealwaysusedasasingleword．Sotheconstruction“被+X’’hasnotonlybeenasyntacticcomponent，butafixedlexicalconstruction，whichcanplaymanysyntacticrolesinasentencebesidesthepredicate．Intermsofsyntacticfunction，“被+X’’mainlyactesasapredicateinthesentence，forexample：我们又被代表了．Basedontheobservationof “被+X”astheattributive：(25)网友描述：“被富裕”的生活，处处暗礁(新华网，2009．9．3)Theword“被"，asthepassivemarkerinmodernChinesepassives，attachesbefore“X"inthisnovelconstruction“被+X”，whosesyntacticrelationismuchmoretight．Thisconstructionhaspowerfulanalogicalfunctionthatnumerousnewwordscanbecreatedthroughimitationofthisconstruction．Apparently,theword“被”isnotmerelyapassivemarker,butawordmorpheme．Somepeopleregarditasaprefix．However,ithasn’tlostitssemanticmeaningentirely,SOitismorepropertoberegardedasanovelquasi-affix．ThereisfewstandardaffixesinChinese，butmanyquasi—affixes，suchas“好"，“准’’，“亚’’，“次"，“不"，“非"，“化"．Thesequasi．affixeshavenotbeengrammaticalizedsemantically；however,havepowerfulcollocationandconstructionfunction．Inthisthesis，theword“被"istakenasakindofquasi-affix．Functionally,itisnotmerelyapassivemarkeranymore，butamarkerofaspecificevent，tohighlightaneventanditsattributes．‘‘Behindtheconstruction“被+X'’，therearetw6elements：Oneisasub．eventembodyingthecauseofallevent；theotherisasub—eventembodyingresultoftheevent"(FanYouxin2010)．Take“被就业”astheexample，45 MAThesistherearenoelementstodisplaythecauseandresultoftheevent，thusleaveUSmanysemanticslotstothinkabout．Intraditionalbei-sentences，theagentusuallypresentafterthecomponent“被"，whileinnovelbei—sentencestheagentisalwaysvacant，whichwillmakethereadertoconsiderwhotheagentoftheactionisandwhattheinfluenceoftheactioniS．3．1．3ContrastiveAnalysisProbingintoaspectsofsyntacticcharactersofconventionalandnovelbei-sentences，theyaredifferentfromeachotherinalargedegreeandalsosharesomecommonattributes．Similarities(1)Novelbei—sentencesadoptthesamestructuralformwithshortconventionalbei．sentences，whichis“NP+被+VP／X'’．Althoughinnovelbei—sentences，“X”canbemanyelementsapartfromverbs，itmustbenoticedthattheyactasaverbonceentertheconstruction．(2)ThesubjectsNPinbotharemostlynounswhichareunderinfluence．(3)Thehighlightedelementsinbothcasesaretheword“被"，whosesyntacticstatusandfunctionaredistinctive．(1)Thestructuralformofnovelbei—sentencesisunique，whichis“NP+被斗-X”，similartothatofshortbei-sentences，whilethestructuralformsofconventionalbei-sentencesarerichandintricate．Theagent(N2)inconventional‘‘Nl+被+N2+VP”isalwayshiddeninthenovelusage．(2)Thesubject(N1)inconventionalbei-sentencescarlbethe SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetinstrumentorlocationofanaction，evenvacant，apartfromthepersonorthingunderinfluence，whileinnovelbei—sentences，theyarealwayspeoplewhoareinweakposition．(3)Thegreatestdifferenceliesontheconstructionof“被+X"，inwhichtheelementsXcanbeactedbydifferentroles，suchasintransitiveverbs，nouns，adjectives，phrases，aswellastransitiveverbswhichistypicalinconventionalbei-sentences．(4)Theword“被”inconventionalbei．sentencesisusuallyconsideredasapassivemarker,yetinthenovelusageitisaquasi-affixtomarkasocialevent．3．2SemanticAnalysisofConventionalandNovelBei-sentencesTheselectionofasentenceformmustberestrictedbymanyfactors，amongwhichthesyntacticandsemanticrequirementsarethemostfundamental．Lastparthasmadestudyonsyntacticcharactersofnovelbei-sentences，onlytofindthatitisdifferentfromtheconventionalbei-sentencestoalargeextent．Thispartwillfurtherprobeintothesemanticcharactersofthem，topaveawayfortheunderstandingofabnormalusageofbei—sentences．3．2．1SemanticAnalysisofconventionalBei-sentencesAccordingtothetypicalsyntacticstructureofconventionalbei—sentences：NI+被(N2)+VEthispartwillmakestudyonthesemanticroleofsyntacticcomponentsN1，N2，thesemanticrestrictionofVPinpredicate“被+VP"，andthesemanticcolorofthesentence．47 MAThesis3．2．1．1SemanticRoleofComponentsN1，N2鼢ennounsandverbsarecombinedtOformasemanticconstruction。thenounsusuallytaketheroleofagent，patient，dativeandSOon．Inthebasicpassivebei—sentences“NI+被+(N2)+VP”，thetypicalsemanticroleofN1ispatientofvP,withthecharacterthatN1isundertheinfluenceanddominationofVPdirectly．Actuallythisisnottheexactcase，thecomponentN1(subject)canalsobetheinstrumentorlocationoftheaction．Forexample：(26)绳子被他捆了包裹。(27)桌子上被他堆满了书。Thesubjectcanalsobetheagentofanaction(LiShan，1994)，inwhichcasetheword“被”usuallyactstoindicatethereasonratherthanpassivenessofanevent．Forexample：(28)他被那件事愁死了。(29)花碧莲烫了头，长发披肩⋯⋯浅花汗衫被雨水打得粘在了身上，糯米色的筒裤也被雨水裹在腿上。．SometimesthesubjectisvacantintraditionalChinese，butthepatientmustbesupplementedafterpredicateverb．Forexample：(30)不料被二奶奶撞见了红玉。WhicheverrolethesubjectN1is，itiscommonsemanticallythatfromtheperspectiveofspeaker'N1istheaffectedobjectwhichisundertakingchanges．Wenameitastheidentifiedentitybeingaffected．ThesubjectofChinesebe／．sentencemustbeinlinewithsuchsemanticrestrictionsasbeingaffected．‘’TheobjectN2of“被”intraditionalChineseisusuallytheagentof也eevent．whichdetermineswhetherabei-sentenceholdwaterornot SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesOiltheInternetsemantically．Forthefollowingtwosentences(31)Q门被小偷打开了．②木门被钥匙打开了．Thesecondoneisusuallyregardedasungrammatical，fortheobjectof“被”istheinstrumentratherthantheagentoftheaction．Sometimestheobjectafter“被"isaninanimateentity,butisrecognizedastheagentoftheaction．Suchas"(32)字据被火烧了!(33)书被墨水弄脏了!ThecommonsemanticofN2isthatittakestheprincipleresponsibilityforthereasonoftheactionanditsresult，nomatterwhichrolesitplays．Ontheotherhand，thepredicateVPintraditionalChinesealsobearscertainrestrictionsontheselectionofitsobjectnounswhichshouldbeanimateagent，sometimesinanimate．Therearealsoexceptionsthatsomenon—agents，suchasinstrument，experiencer,cause，areusedattheplaceoftheagentwhichisafter“被”，forthesenon．agentcomponentsareendowedwiththeabilitytogovernoraffectthesubject．3．2．1．2SemanticRestrictiononVPThemostsimplebei—sentencewiththeconstruction‘‘N1+被(N2)+VP”istheonewiththemostusagerestrictions，yet．Themosttroublesomeproblemisinthesectionof“VP"，aboutwhichwehavegivenmuchaccountonsyntacticlevel．Whatabouttherestrictionsonsemanticlevel?一FanXiao(2006)statedthatthetypicalverbsinbei-sentencesshouldbewiththecharacterofmultivalenceandresultativity．49 MAThesisarealsosomenon．actionverbswhichcanbeusedinChinesebei．sentences，forexample，suchperceptionverbsas“看见、听见、知道、发现、遗忘、忘记’’，fortheyimplythesemanticfeatureof“action+result”inthemselves．Generally,theverbsinChinesebei—sentenceshouldmeettworequirementsSOastobegrammatical．Ontheonehand，theverbsshouldhavethecharacteroftransitivitywhichnevercouldbeindependentverbs．Ontheotherhand，notalltransitiveverbscanbeusedforbei—sentencesexceptforthoseoneswiththemeaningofdisposalorcausation．3．2．1．3SemanticColorTheword“被"containedthemeaningofsufferanceinoldChinese．Asthegrammaticalizationofit，thissemanticmeaningwastransferredtothewholebei—construction．Apartfromthepassivemeaning，bei—sentencealsotakesthederogatorysemanticcolorof“unpleasant，unexpected，ordamaged"．ThestudyonthisproblemwasmadebyWangLifirstly．Astheexpansionofpassivesentences，moreandmorecomplimentaryverbsareusedinbei-sentences，thusthecomplementarycolor．Accordingtodifferentsemanticcolors，bei-sentencesaredividedintothreetypes：complimentaryderogatory,neutral，amongwhichthederogatorycoloristhemainstream．AswhatLiLinding(1980)stated，thederogatorycolorofbei-sentenceshouldbetakenseriously,foritisnotcompletelydeterminedbythepredicateverbs，butsometimesbytheobjectorcomplementoftheactionverbs．Andsometimesthederogatorymeaningispointedtothespeakerwhoisnotpresentinthesentence．SometimesthesemanticcoloriShiddeninthecontext，whichcannotbe SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetgraspedfromtheformationofwords．Nowbei-sentencesaremoreandmoreusedtoexpresssomethingthatisexpectedbyorpleasantforthepatientsubject．Forexample：(34)高中时，我被选拔进了国家田径队。Bei—sentenceswithneutralsemanticcoloraremostlyseeninthescenery-descriptivesentences．Forexample：(35)青蓝色的千佛山巅，被落日的红光染成了紫色⋯．Tosumup，bei-sentencesaremainlywithderogatorycolorinmodemChinese．However,thereisanexpandingtrendthatmoreandmoreneutralevencomplementaryusageappeared．Soweshouldadmitthatbei．sentenceinmodemChinesebearsintricatesemanticcolors．3．2．2SemanticAnalysisofNovelBei-sentencesAlthoughdeviatedfromthesyntacticandgrammaticalrequirementsofconventionalbei-sentences，novelbei-sentencesontheIntemetwiththesyntacticstructure‘‘NP+被+X"aregenerallyacceptedbypeople．Thisisduetoitsprofoundsemanticmeaning．Inthispart，thesemanticroleofNP,thesemanticrestrictionsofX，andthesemanticcolorwillbeexploredSOastofindthesemanticspecificityofbei-sentencesontheIntemet．3．2．2．1SemanticRoleofNPThesubjectNPhasthetypicalsemanticrelationshipofpatient—actionwiththepredicateverbinconventionalChinesebei-sentencewhilethesemanticrelationshipofsubjectandpredicateverbinnovelbei—sentenceontheIntemetisincontradiction．Firstly,theword MAThesis“被"nottakenintoconsideration，thesubjectistheobjectimplementerofthepredicateaction，astheagent．Furthermore，theword“被"takenintoconsideration，thesubjectchangesintothepatientaffectedbythewholeevent．Soitseemsthatthesemanticroleofthesubjectinnovelbei—sentenceisgotintothecontradictorysemantictrouble．Infact，thesubjectNPstilltakesthesemanticroleofpatientinnovelbei-sentence．AlthoughapparentlythecomponentXmarksthesubjectastheagentofanevent，theword“被”，asthemarkofpassivenessinChinese，marksthesubjectasthepatientforcibly．Themarkingfunctionof‘‘被"ismoredominantthanthatofthecomponent“X”，SOthesubjectof“被+X'’ismarkedasthepatientforcibly．N2，asthetypicalagentintraditionalChinesebei—sentence，isalwaysvacantinnovelbei．sentence．Thereisaslotbetween“被”andtheintransitiveverbafterit．Theslotalwaysbearsmanyimpliedinformationintheconstructionofanemergentstructure．Sothevacantslotinnovelbei-sentenceforcesthelistenertoinvestigatethecausationandaffectofit．3．2．2．2SemanticRestrictiononXComparedwiththepredicateverbsintraditionalbe／一sentence，thecomponentXafter“被"innovelbei．sentencealsohassomestrictsemanticrestrictions．Originally,theverbshavethesemanticfeatureofintransitivity,fortheverbsarealwaysintransitiveandautonomous．Thetypicalverbsshouldmeetsuchsemanticrestrictionsas‘‘autonomy'’whichisinstrongcontradictionwiththepassivemeaningofbei-sentence．Apartfromverbs，XCallbeactedbynouns，adjectives，orother52 SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei·sentencesontheInternetcomponents．Nomatterwhichcomponentitis，itmustbewiththesemanticfeatureofintransitivityorautonomy．3．2．2．3SemanticColorMoreoftenthannot，Chinesepassiveconstructionsdisplayderogatoryandunexpectedsemanticcolor,whichisdeterminedbythe‘wholestructure‘‘patient+passivemark‘被’+agent+actionverb”ratherthananycertaincomponent．Soitisaconstructionmeaning．Thenovelbei-sentenceontheInternethassimilarconstructionmeaningwithconventionalbei—sentence：Thepatientsubjectisforcedtoacceptsomeeffectofanactionimplementedbytheagent．Theoriginalautonomousverbsorothercomponentswithcomplimentarysenseareusedinbei—sentencestoformstrongirony,SOthenovelbei—sentencesarealwayswithintensederogatorycolorwithoutexception．However,thederogatorymeaningsarealwayshiddeninthecontext，whichcannotberevealedfromsinglecomponentwithoutthebackgroundknowledge．3．2．3ContrastiveAnalysisSimilaritiesChinesepassivesentencesaremainlyusedtodisplayunpleasantorunexpectedeffect，whichistheresultoftheinnateattributeofpassiveconstructionratherthandeterminedbyanyconstructivecomponent．Ontheotherhand，theconstruction“被+VP"isprovidedwithstrongcapabilityofframe-assimilationwhichallowstheappearanceofthosewordsthatcannotbeusedinthisconstructionoriginallytogenerate53 MAnesispassivemeaning，inwhichcaseanywordscanbeusedlikeatransitiveone．Thus，underthestrongframe-assimilationfunctionof“被+VP”，thenovelbei—sentencesontheInternetsharethesamesemanticmeaningwithconventionalbei-sentences：Thesubject(patient)unexpectedlysufferstheinfluenceofanaction，whichisoutofthepatient’Scontr01．Differences(1)Theverbsinconventional6Pf-sentencearegenerallytransitiveverbs．However,theverbsinnovel“被+X’’alemostlyintransitiveandautonomousverbswhicharenotsuitableforpassivesentences，suchas“自杀”，“就业"．Thatis，thesubjectisusuallytheagentoftheaction．ThisisconsistentwithEnglish．Itisnormaltosay‘shesuicide’whileneverdidwesay‘shewassuicide’．(2)Theagentafter“被”inconventionalbei—sentencecanbehiddenorhighlighted，whileitisneverpresentinnovelbei—sentence，whichshowsthecomplaintontherealagent．(3)Generallyspeaking，thesubjectinconventionalbei—sentenceisthepatientofanaction．Onthecontrary,thesubjectinthenovelbei-sentenceisactuallytheagentofanactionandthepatientofthewholepassiveevent．(4)Fromthepointofsemanticcolor,thedisposalresultsalemostlyunpleasantandunexpectedinconventionalbei—sentence．AstheexpansionoftheusageofpassivesentencesinChinese，moreandmoresentenceswithcomplimentarysenseappeal．Fornovelbei—sentences，withoutexception，theyarewithderogatorysemanticcolor．(5)Fromthepointofthecomponentafter“被"，theVPsinconventionalbe／一sentenceisgenerallywithnegativesense，whileinnovel SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetbei-sentencethecomponentXafter“被"isbasicallywithpositivesense，whichiscombinedwiththeconstructionmeaningofconventionalbei-sentencetoformstrongderogatorysemanticcolor．Actually,thenovelbei-sentencesontheInternetareellipticalsentenceswhosesemanticmeaningcanrarelybeinferredwithoutourexperienceandknowledgeabouttheevent．Becausetheellipticalcomponentisunidentified，differentunderstandingwillrise．Take“被就业”astheexample，thefirstexplanationisthattheaction就业iscompletedindeed，butnotdidbythesubjecthimself．Theotheristhattheaction“就业"isnotcompleted，butisidentifiedbyotherstobedone．However,thesetwoexplanationscannotbeusedforsuchconstructionsas“被加班"，“被全勤”，“被捐款”，fortheactionsintheseconstructionsareneithersubstitutednoridentifiedbyothers．Itisthesubjectthatisforcedtocompletetheseactions，SOthesemanticmeaningofsuchconstructionisthatthesubjectisforcedtodosomethingthatisautonomousoriginally．Tosumup，thecurrentbei—sentenceshavethefollowingthreeimpliedsemanticmeaningatleast：1)被+代替+实施行为动作(theactionisfinishedbyothers)2)被+认定／说成+实施行为动作(theactionisnotcompleted)3)被+要求／强迫+实施行为动作(theactionisdidbythesubject)3．3PragmaticOccasionsofConventionalandNovelBei-sentencesFromtheanalysisabove，itisobviousthatthenovelbei-sentencesaredistinctfromconventionalonestoalargeextentexceptforthesamelinguisticframeandconstructionmeaning．Howalethetwoformsused55 MAThesisinourcommunication?Thispartwejustlookintothisproblemfromtheirpragmaticoccasionswithlittleaccountontheirsemanticmeanings．Conventionalbei-sentencesareusedwidelyespeciallyinwrittenChinese．Itisakindofformallanguageform．Generally,fortheneedofmeaningexpression，weusuallychoosepassivesentenceswhenthepatientsareneededtobehighlightedespeciallyinsentenceswithderogatorysense．Ontheotherhand，passivesentencesareusedforthecoherenceofstatementsorforthesymmetryofsentencestructure．Thenovelbe．i—sentencesareoriginallylimitedtothedescriptionofthoseabnormalsocialevents，SOastorevealsuchsocialphenomenonthattheexperiencerloseshisdecision—makingpoweronthematterswhichshouldbeoriginallyathisowndisposal．Forexample“被捐款"．Thisnovelusage，originallyrisingontheInternet，hassweptthrougheveryfieldofourlife．Underthecriticismandconcernsofthepublic，maybesomeofthesesocialphenomenaareheldback，inwhichcasethecorresponding‘‘被+X，’disappearsgradually．Sothenovel“被+X，’constructionaregenerallyusedwithinquotationmarkstohighlightthespeakers’ironyFromtheinitialspecialeventstothegeneralcases，thenovelbei-sentenceswithany“被+X"canbegeneratedthroughanalogy．Thespeakers’suspicion，helplessandtheironyofcertainsocialphenomenonareimpliedinthisnovelusage． ChapterFourSemanticConstructionofNovelBei-sentencesontheInternetThesystematiccontrastiveanalysisabovegaveUSclearcluethatthenovelbei．sentencessharefeWsimilaritieswiththeconventionalonesexceptforthesimilarsyntacticstructureandconstructionmeaning．Howcanthisungrammaticalabnormalconstructioncoexistwiththeconventionalbei—-sentencesdeep--rootedinChinese?Accordingtotheideaoftraditionalgrammarandformallinguistics，passivesentencescomefromthesyntactictransformationofactivesentences，theconstructionmechanismofwhichispassivetransformationoftheverbsandtheelevationofnounphrases．Itseemsthatthisideacouldprovideexplanationforthecreationofmostpassivesentences．HoweveLitisdifficulttomakeexplanationfortheconstructionofspecialbei—sentencesontheInternet．Chineseisalanguagewhosesyntacticstructureandsemanticarehighlyintegrated．TheconstructionofNovelbei-sentencesontheIntemetisnotmerelytheresultofsyntactictransformation．Thisthesiswillgiveaccountfromcognitiveview,pointingoutthatitispeople’Ssubjectiveexpressionmotivatedbymanyelementssuchascertainsocialculture，humanpsychology,andthatitistheresultofconceptualblendingofhumanmind．4．1CognitiveInterpretationAccordingtocognitivelinguistics，languageisusedtodescribe57 MAThesispeople’Srealfeelingsabouttheworld．Theprocessofunderstandingorconstructingthemeaningoflanguageisthatofknowingaboutthenature，characteristicsandlawsofthethingsintheworldandtheinternalrelationsamongthethings．Meaningconstructionisadynamicandon—lineprocess．Theprocessofmeaningconstructionisjusttheprocessofconceptualizationandthentheprocessofconceptualizationisakindofcognitiveoperationsoforganizingandconstructingtheconceptualcontents．Themeaningconstructionwillcausethesubjects’cognitivestructurestochangebytwomeans．Oneisthatthenewlyconstructedmeaningis“assimilated"bythepre—existingcognitivestructuresandthereforethewholecognitivestructureisenlargedandpeople’Sknowledgeisalsoenlarged．Theothermeansisthatwhenthenewlyconstructedmeaningcannotbe“assimilated”bythepre-existingcognitivestructure，thenthecognitivestructurewillchangeandrestructuretopromotethedevelopmentofcognition．Cognitivelinguisticsarguesthatlanguageisbothembodiedandsituatedinaspecificenvironment．Thefoundationalassumptionofcognitivelinguistics“humanexperience—conceptualization-schematization—linguisticforms’’givesUSnewaccountonformationoflanguageforms，amongwhichtheconceptualblendingtheoryhasstrongexplanatorypower．4．1．1AnalysisfromConceptualBlendingPerspectiveAgrammaticalconstructionisnotrandomcombinationofmeaninglessformsbutexhibitionofthewayhumanorganizetheirbasicexperience．Thehumanmindisabletoblendnewsituationswithwhatwe SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheIntemetalreadyknow,whichmaybesimilarorcontradictory,togiveUSintelligibleblendswithattachedgrammaticalpattemsSOthoseexistinggrammaticalpatternscanexpressthenewsituations．Asarelativelynewcognitiveapproach，conceptualblendingrunsthroughtheprocessofmeaningconstructioninnaturallanguage．Novelbei—sentences，asapopularbutabnormallanguagephenomenon，canofcoursebeinterpretedbytheconceptualblendingandrunningprinciplesofit，foritsimpliedmeaningisdifferentfromthesurfacemeaning．Inthispart，theconstructionprocessofnovelbei—sentenceswillbeinvestigated，exemplifiedby“被就业”．Beforetheanalysisofthemeaningconstructionof“被就业”，theconstructionbackgroundofitshouldbeconsidered．Inordertoimprovetheemploymentrate，someuniversitiessignedtheemploymentagreementwithsomeemployersarbitrarilyinsteadofthegraduates．Actuallythegraduateshaven’tgotemployedata11．Thusthenewconstruction“被就业"cameintobeing．Themeaningconstructionof“被就业"isaprocessofconceptualblending．Therearetwoprincipalinputsinthisconstruction，whichhavedifferentorganizingflames：theframeofemployment，ontheonehand，theframeof“被’’construction，ontheother．Here，employmentisanexpected，autonomousactivityofthegraduates．Asweallknow,awholeemploymenteventinvolvesobjectelementsoftheprocessofgettingemployed，suchastheapplicants，employer,recruitmentadvertising，interview,andthesignofemploymentagreement．Theemployerfirstlyallnouncesrecruitmentadvertisingandthegraduates，asapplicants，applyforthepositionprovided．Aftertheinterview,theemployersign MAThesisemploymentagreementwiththeapplicantqualified．Therefore，wecanseethatemployerandapplicantsareobligatoryparticipantsinanemploymentevent．While，“被”constructionistypicalpassivestructureinChinesetoexpresspassiveandderogatorymeaning．Thesubjectinpassivestructureisalwaysthepatientwhoisunderthebadinfluencefromtheevent．Sointhe“passivity'’input，theorganizingflamecontainstheelements：thepatient，theagent(sometimesimplied)，aneventwhichbringsbadinfluencetothepatient．Thisconstrualofthesituationbuildsupaconceptualintegrationnetwork．Therearecross-mappingsbetweenthe“employment’’inputandthe“passivity'’input．Thoseelementsofthetwoinputsareselectivelyprojectedtoanotherspace⋯一meblend．Theagents，action，thecause，theeffect，etc．areprojectedtotheblend．Thoseelementsrecomposetogether．Theagentin‘‘employment’’eventplaystheroleofthepatientin“passivity'’event．Theautonomousactioninemploymentinputchangesintothepassiveactioninpassivityinput．Andtheresultofemploymentischangedintheblend．Thiscontradictioninblendedspacemakesthepossibilityofmeaningconstructionof“被就业"，whichmakesthereaderrealizethiskindofemployment，whichisoriginallyanautonomousactionisacompletecheating，ancounterfeitandpassiveactionanditisfinishedbytheuniversitiesinsteadofgraduates．Formtheanalysisabove，wecanseethatalthoughcomposedoftwodifferentframes，theorganizingflameoftheblendisthatframeofthebei-constructioninputnotofthe“employment'’input．Inshort，theprojectiontotheblendinthisnetworkishighlyasymmetric：oneoftheinputsbutnottheothersuppliestheorganizingframe，andthereforethe SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInteractflame—topology．Bygivingtheoverallorganizationalpowerofthenetworktoonlyoneinputspace，theframinginput，conceptualclashfromtwoframesiseliminated．Uptillnow,thegenericspace，thetwoinputs，theblend，thecross-spacemappingsconstituteanetwork．Weclassifythisexampleintothesingle—scopenetworks，accordingtOtheidentificationofthesingle-scopenetworks．Fortwoinputsoffertwodifferentorganizingframes，oneofwhichisprojectedtoorganizetheblendandtheorganizingflameoftheblendisanextensionoftheorganizingframeofthebei-constructioninput．CompressionofvitalrelationsCompressionisanindispensablewaytoachieveconceptualblendingbycompressingthediffusedrelationsintoanentireblendednetwork．Thementalspacesarenotisolatedfromeachother．Theconnectionofthemisthebasicfortheexistingofblendedspace．Theessenceofconnectioniscompressionofconceptualrelations，bywhichthecross—spaceconnectioncanachieveoptimumstructure．Intheblendingnetworkof“被就业”，thetwoinputshavedifferentframeswithlittlesimilarities．Theconnectionofvitalrelationsmakesitprobablefortheblendingoftwodistinctinputs．Firstly,changecompressioninthetwoinputsisprojectedtotheblend．Althoughthereislittlesimilaritiesbetweenthe‘‘passivity'’conceptofbei-sentenceandthe‘‘autonomous’’conceptof‘‘employment’’，intheblendedconstruction“被就业"，theactiveagentofemploymentchangesintoapassivepatient．Withthechangecompression，thetwoframeconceptsin“被就业”Canbeblendeddespitelittlesimilarities．Secondly,thecompressionofchangerelationusuallyaccompanywiththecompressionofidentity．·Onreferringtobei—sentences，weusuallycome61 MAThesisupwiththeconceptofpassivityandsuffering，whichisdeterminedbytheidentityofbei—sentences．Apparentlytheroleofthesubjectin“employment"inputisinconsistentwiththeidentityofbei-sentences，inwhichcasethecompressionofidentityhelpstoconnectthetwoorganizingflames．Theblendingnetworkalsoinvolvesthecompressionofcategoryrelations．Characteristicsandcategoryareindispensablerelationsintheinner-spaceofblending．Some“outer-space’’characteristicsrelationscanbecompressedintorelationsinsidetheblend—whatwecall“inner-space"relations．Categoryistheboundaryofcharacteristics．Intheblendingprocessof“被就业’’，thecharacteristicsof‘‘employment’’framearecompressedintothepassivitycategoryofbei-sentence，thereforetheemergentsenseofit：Employmentinthiscaseisapassiveandcounterfeitaction．Similarityisthesharedcharacteristicofcategorymembers，SOanycollocationswiththeword“被”canbeconsideredasthememberofbei-category,sharingthe“passivity'’characteristicofbei．sentence．EmergentmeaningConceptualblendinginvolvesselectivemappingofthetwoormoreinputspacesandtheblendinginthethirdspace．Iftheconceptofoneinputisapparentlydifferentfromthatoftheotherinput，theconceptualblendingwillgenerateemergentmeaning．Theconceptofbei-sentenceand“employment"belongtotwodifferentconceptualframes，oneofwhichisasyntacticformexpressingpassivemeaningwhiletheotherisallexpectedandautonomousevent．Intheprocessofconceptualblending，thetwoframesarefirstlycomposed．Elementsfromtheinputspacesareprojectedintotheblendedspacetoproviderelationsthatdonotexistin SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheIntemettheseparateinputs．Undertheknowledgeofemploymentframeandourlearningaboutthebackgroundofsocialevent，completionisinvolved，thereforetheemergentmeaningof“被就业’’．Theemploymenteventispassiveaction．Afterrunningthemimaginatively,theelaboratedmeaningiscreated：theemploymentinthiscaseisapassive，counterfeitandunautonomousaction．Backgroundisthebasicintheprocessofconceptualblending．Inreturn，conceptualblendingisareconsiderationofthebackground，whichmaybesplitandblended．Thereconsiderationofitcangeneratenewsemanticstructureforwhichthegroundingboxprovidesblendingreference．Conceptualblendingcan’tbeisolatedfromgroundingboxwhichincludetheevent，participants，timeandspacedimensions，andSOon．Intheconstructionofnovelbei-sentencesontheinternet，thebackgroundofsocialeventsisindispensableandcrucial．Butforthebackground，theblendingstructuressuchas“被就业”canneverholdwater．Ontheotherhand，theemotionofspeakerscan’tbeignoredintheprocessofconceptualblending，whichmayhelpblenddifferentevencontradictorypictures．Althoughtheblendingof“被就业"doesn’tfitourlogicthinking，becauseoftheinfluenceofspeakers’emotion，suchasironyanddissatisfaction，twocontradictoryconceptsareblended．Whenpeopletrytodepicttheirattitudetowardsomeeventsorpeople，theyusuallyadaptsomefamiliarlanguageformswhichmaybeabnormalevenungrammatical．Insteadofbeingrepelled，theseadaptedformsalewidelyacceptedbythereaders．Suchastheusageof“被+X’’ontheIntemet．Thereasonisthatsuchlanguageformsaleperceivedand MAThesisblendedwithourknowledgeintheprocessofcommunicationtoformanovelconceptwhichmaycreateemergentmeaningbycontinuouslyactivatingourconceptualframesinthememory．Intheblendedprocessof“被就业’’，thesemanticelementsfromtheinputspacesformarelevancespacethroughthevariousvitalrelationscompression．Therelevancespacecontainsthecontextbackgroundandthedynamicframemappedintotheblend．Thecross-spacemappingsconnectcounterpartsininputIandinputIIandareprojectedselectivelyintothedynamicblendedmentalspace．Anemergentstructurewillariseintheblendedspace，whichisnotthepartofanyinputspace．TheemergentstructurelSusuallythenewconceptatterblending．WhatiscontradictoryisthatininputIthesignofemploymentagreementisbeyondthegraduates’participation，whichmakesthereadertotllinkaboutthereasonsbehindthisphenomenon．Thiscontradictioninblendedspacemakesthepossibilityofmeaningconstructionof“被就业"，whichmakesthereader SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheInternetrealizethiskindofemploymentisacompletecheating，anditisfinishedbytheuniversitiesinsteadofgraduates．Sothesemanticmeaningof“被就业”isproducedinthisway．4．1．2AnalysisfromConceptualMetaphorPerspectiveOneofthethreefundamentalassumptionsofcognitivelinguisticsisthatabstractconceptsarelargelymetaphorical．Novelbei—sentencesarethereflectionofcontradictoryinlanguagewhichisfrommetaphorinrealworld．Inthispart，themetaphoricprocessofnovelbei-sentenceswillbeinvestigated，exemplifiedby“被自杀”．“被自杀"wasoriginallyusedinthefollowingsocialevent：In2007，LiGuofuwhoaccusedtheillegalactsofanothergovemmentofficialwasputintoprison．Unexpectedlyhewasreportedtohavesuicideintheprisonhospital．Hisfamiliesquestionedthereasonofhisdead，andmanypeoplethinkLiGuofuwaskilledbyothersratherthansuicide．Underthissocialbackground，“被自杀"comeintotheintemet．FromthesocialbackgroundweseetheofficialconclusionofLi’Sdeadiscontradictorywiththetruth．Thisphenomenonismappedintolanguage，buttherearenoavailablelanguageformstoexpressit．SothenetizensunearthedthepotentialofChinesebei-sentences．Byaddingtheword“被"before“自杀"，thepeopleexpressmetaphoricalmeaningofrealworldwithsuchlanguagestructureas“被自杀"．4．1．3AnalysisfromSuhjectivityInnovelbei-sentences，thestructure“被+X’’hasbecomearelativelyfleesyntacticflameevenarelativelyfixedChinesecompound．“For MAThesisChinesecompounds，onlytwoelementscanbeusedtoformadisyllabiccompoundasmorphemes．Tobecomethewordmorphemes，thetwoelementsmusthavecertainhighlightdegrees(ZhuYan，2004)．"Astheconventionalword“被"functionstohighlightthesenseofbeingcompelled，theconstruction“被+X"seemstObesyntacticallyabnormalbutwithreasonablesemanticmeaning，whichistheresultofthespeakers’subjectiveusage．Subjectivityissuchalinguisticattributeasthespeakerusuallyexpresstheattitude，standpoint，andemotionofthemselvesinanutterance．Thesubjectivityofconstruction“被+X"ismainlyintherespectofthespeakers’perspective，whichisthespeakers’viewingangletowardanobjectivesituation．Theviewingangleofthestructure“被+X”isfocusedontheexpefiencerbeforeitontowhichthoseoriginallyautonomousactionsareimposed．Inthispart，thesubjectivityofnovelbei．sentenceswillbeinvestigated，exemplifiedby“被小康"．“小康”(thewell．offsociety)isthelevelofourlivingconditions，whichshouldbedeterminedbyourrealincomeofthepublicandthewholeeconomylevelofourcountry．However,inordertodisplaytheeconomicachievement，thegovernmentaskstheintervieweestoanswerquestionsaccordingtothewell-offstandard．Inthiscase，theoriginallyautonomousactionchangesintothecompelledpassiveaction，andtheoriginalagentchangesintothepatientoftheaction．Soweseetheviewingangleoftheconstruction“被+X"isfocusedonthestateoftheexperiencers’beingcompelled．Theycan’thelpbut0beytheorderoftheirleaders．Inaword，thesemanticmeaningofnovelbei—sentencestakesstrongsenseofsubjectivitybecauseofthechangeofthespeakers’descriptive SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetperspective，highlightingthestateofbeingcompelledoftheexperiencers．4．2SocialInterpretationLanguageisakindofspecialsocialphenomenon，whichchangesalongthedevelopmentofoursocietyandisalsoareflectionofsocial’phenomenonandthespeakers’culturalpsychology．Ontheonehand，theemergenceofalanguageformmustbebasedontherelativerealisticbasis．Thepersistentirrationalandunscientificviewofachievementsinsomeareasistheimportantextemalfactorfortheexistenceofcertainirrationalsocialphenomenon,whichisthesocialrootsofsuchphenomenaas“学生被就业"，“农民被小康”．Ontheotherhand，thenovelbei-sentenceisthereflectionofthepublic’Spsychologyanddesiretoparticipateinpublicandexpresstheiropinion．Nowadays，human’Sideologyhaschangedprofoundly．Whenourlegitimatefightsandinterestsareignoredandviolated，ourideologytoprotectthemisinspired．Itisthereflectionofakinddevelopmentofoursociety．Thenovelbei．sentencewithsuchconstructionsas“被自愿”，“被就业"，“被增长”arejustthemostproperandefficientgrammaticalwaytOshowthesocialphenomenon．Theusageoftheword“被”indicatesthefalsityofasocialeventandthepublic’Ssuspicionaboutit．Forthosesocialeventslike“被自杀"，“被失踪"，thepublicarejustthebystanderswhohavenofightstoparticipateinandchangethesesocialevents．However,facingtheseunfairproblems，thehumanexpresstheirownvoicebyspeciallanguageformswhichimplytheirpersonalattitudeandfeelings．Ontheotherhand，astheincreasingemergenceofnovel67 MAThesisbei—sentences，moreandmoreintransitiveverbsevennon—verbsareusedintheconstruction‘‘被+X’’andfurthermoreundertaketheprocessoftransitivity．Themorebeiconstructionsthereare，themoreindividual’Srationalinterestsarelimited．Insuchsocialeventsas“被捐款"，“被全勤”，“被增长”，thesubjectsarewithoutexceptiontheweakonesandsuppressedbythestrongagent．Theagentsforcetheweakpatientstoacceptcertainactionandresult．Althoughthepatientsubjectsaredissatisfiedwiththesimation，theycan’thelpbutobeyit．Bythecreationofnovelbei-sentences，thespeakersexpresstheirdissatisfactionandridiculeandreflectthepublic’Sdesiretorealizetheirpersonalreasonableinterests．4．3LinguisticInterpretationTheabnormalcombinationofbei．constructioninnovelbei．sentencebreaksthesyntacticlimitationoftraditionalbei—sentences．Itusestheautonomouswordtoexpresspassivemeaning，reachinggrammaticalinnovationbytheunityofactiveexpressionandpassivemeaning．Thelanguageusuallyundertakesthedutyofexpressingspeakers’attitudeandfeeling．Whentheexistingexpressioncan’tmeettheneed，peoplewillcreatethecorrespondingnewlanguageformstoreachnewlanguagebalance．ThisisthepotentialofChinese(DuanYimin，2010)．Meanwhile，thecreationofnewlanguageformsisgenerallyaccompaniedbytherequirementoflanguageeconomy．Novelbei—sentencesaretheresultoflanguageeconomytosomeextent．Take“被自杀"astheexample，thesyntacticexpressionisallactiveaction,whiletheimpliedsemanticmeaningisthatthisseemingactiveactionisactuallyapassiveresult．In SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInteractmodemChinese，therearenoavailableformstoexpressthisintricatemeaning．Soconsideringtheeconomyprincipleoflanguage，peoplechangethetransitivityoftheseautonomousword，thusthecreationof“被+X’’construction．Analogymechanismisoneoftheimportantdevelopingmechanismsoflanguage，especiallyinthecreatingprocessofnewexpressions．Andthisisalsooneofthemostimportantreasonsoflanguage’Sproductivity．Astheincreasingdevelopmentofmedia，theenvironmentofpublicopinionbecomeslooserandlooser．Moreandmoreautonomouswordsandphraseswhichcan’tbeusedintraditionalbei-sentencesappearinnovelbei—sentencesundertheinfluenceofanalogymechanism．Thenovelbei-sentencesaremostlywithsuchsemanticmeaningastheweakpatientsareidentified，declaredorforcedtobecomeacertainstatebythestrongagentswhoareusuallyvacantinnovelbei—sentences．Aslongasthespeakerwanttoexpresssuchsemanticmeaning，theanalogymechanismoflanguagewillallowtheusageofnovel“被+X’’construction．Tosumup，basedonthecognitiveandsocialbasis，aswellastheintemalrelationswithtraditionalbei-sentencesinsyntacticformandsemanticmeaning，thenovelbei-sentencesbecomeanewtrendinourdailylanguageexpression． MAThesis SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei—sentencesontheIntemetConclusionThisthesishasbeendevotedtothespecificcharacteristicsandmultipleaccountsoftheconstructionmechanismofnovelbei-sentencesontheInternet．Inordertoreachthegoal，thethesispaidcloselyattentiontothevarioususagesofnovelbei—sentencesandmadebriefr．eviewofthepreviousstudy,andpresentedthetheoreticalfoundationsofthestudybyintroducingthetheoryofconceptualblendingandconceptualmetaphor．Thenbycomparison，thethesishaslookedintothesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthenovelbei—sentencesandtraditionalonesfromsyntactic，semanticandpragmaticangles，andfurthermoreconcludedthespecificitiesofnovelbei—sentences．Withallthisworkdone，thethesishasgivenamultipleaccountofthemeaningconstructionofnovelbei—sentencesontheIntemet．Themajorfindingsofthisthesiscanbesummarizedasfollows：(1)Themeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythecombinationofindividualwordinit．ThehumanmindiSabletoblendnewsituationswithwhatwealreadyknowtogiveUSintelligibleblendswithattachedgrammaticalpattemsSOthoseexistinggrammaticalpattemscanexpressthenewsituations．Conceptualblendingisacommoncognitiveprocessonhowtoconstructandconstruethehiddenmeaningsbehindthesegrammaticalpaaems(2)Syntactically,novelbei·sentencesadoptthesamestructuralformfromshortconventionalbei-sentences，whichis‘‘NP+被+VP／X'’．Thehighlightedelementsinbothcasesaretheword“被"．“)('’canbemanyelementsapartfromverbs，yetitmustbenoticedthattheyallactasa71 MAThesisverbonceentertheconstruction．Theconstruction“被+VP”isprovidedwithstrongcapabilityofflame—assimilationwhichallowstheappearanceofthosethatcannotbeusedinthisconstructionoriginallytOgeneratepassivemeaning．Sonovelbei—sentencesareusuallycomposedbyintransitiveverbsornon—verbs，whichproducesstrongsenseofironyanddissatisfaction．(3)Semantically,thenovelbei-sentencewithsuchconstructionas“被+X’’isanellipticalsentencewhosesemanticstructurecanbeinferredasfollows：1)被+代替+实施行为动作(theactionisfinishedbyothers)2)被+认定／说成+实施行为动作(theactionisnotcompleted)3)被+要求／强迫+实施行为动作(theactionisdidbythesubject)(4)Asfortheconstructionmechanismofnovelbei-sentences，thetheoryofconceptualblendinghasstrongexplanationpower．Innovel“被+X，’construction，thecomponent“XX'’representthecognitiveframework“autonomy'’whichisalwayswithautonomoussense．Intheotherinputspaceistheflameofbei—constructionwhichisusuallywiththesenseofbeingcompelled．Theelementsinbothspacesarecontradictorybutlinkedbyouranalogy,SOastocreatestrongsenseofironyanddissatisfaction．Ontheotherhand，theconstructionofnovelbei-sentencesistheresultoftheimprovementofpeople’Sdemocracysenseandtheanalogyprincipleoflanguage．Thisthesisisbelievedtobeofboththeoreticalandpracticalsignificance．Theoretically，thisthesishasmadearelativelysystematicstudyofthetheoryofconceptualblending，byapplyingthistheory，the SyntacticandSemanticStudyofChineseBei-sentencesontheInternetthesishasrevealedthecognitivemotivationbehindtheconstructionofnovelbei—sentences．Thiscanenrichtheexplanatorypowerofconceptualblendingtheory．Practically，thisthesishasprovidedreasonableexpressiononthesyntacticandsemanticcharacteristicsofnovelbei—sentences，whichcanbehelpfultothereadersandlanguagelearners．Althoughthisthesisownssomenewpoints，ithasitsownlimitations．First，thedefinitionofnovelbei-sentencesisnotveryproperandclear．Second，asforthelackofmaterialandtheinstabilityoflanguage，whetherthenovelbei—sentenceswillbecomeafixedlanguagepatterninChineseisnotclear．Lastly,forlackofknowledgeandreferencematerials，thestudyinthethesishasnotreachedthebreadthanddepthasexpected．Wehopethatthequestionsleftwillbefurthersolvedintheauthor’Slaterpapersorbyscholarswhoareinterestedinthisfield． MAlllesis 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Appendix网络“被"字句部分例句1．先驱导报评论：中国“被强大”了吗?(新华网，2009—8—12)2．被快乐：“被时代”的应对之策(南方网，2009-8-20)3．从“被幸福”走向“真幸福”(大河网，2009-8-3)4．我有爱心，但不要“被慈善”(河南日报，2009-8-13)5．网友描述：“被富裕”的生活，处处暗礁(新华网，2009—9—3)6．“被中考"敲响“严堵舞弊空间”的警钟(中国网，2009-7—21)7．“被全勤"，劳动者权利被无情狙击(齐鲁晚报，2009—8-19)8．70岁教授潜规则女生，只因他“被潜规则"(搜狐网，2009—8—15)9．一不小心就“被下等人"了(东北新闻网，2009—7-23)10．中国“被G2"(联合早报，2009—8—3)11．“中国被G2"不可轻信美国花言巧语。(新华网，2009—8-5)G2是英语Group2的意思，仿Group8(八国集团)12．传一记者在山西采访时“被失踪”。(人民网，2008-12-14)13．深度调查：大学生“被就业”忽悠了谁。(河南日报，2009—7—28)14．最长黄金周四成人想外出，三成人抱怨“被加班”。(广州日报，2009-8-21)15．佘守亮“被自杀"，来自公安局的绝版传奇。(金羊网，2009—9—2)16．教育乱收费的最高境界是“被自愿"。(扬子晚报，2009-5-29)17．网友晒薪证明收入“被增长’’。(京报网，2009-8-3)18．3G时代：亟须脱离“被进入"的尴尬。(新京报网，2009-8-27)19．宁愿被忽略，也不要“被赞成"(新华网，2009-8-24)20．17：l，我们又“被代表’’了?(羊城晚报，2009-8-3) 21．捐50返100我们又“被捐款”了(人民网，2009-8-27)22．孕妇遭遇“被辞职"(中顾网，2009-7—21)23．“被失踪”是一种恐怖行为(南方周末，2008—12-17)24．白岩松正面回应“被自杀”事件(宁夏网，2009—11—3)25．国务院严禁农民“被上楼”(新华网，2011—04—03) AcknowledgementsAtthecompletionofthispaper,1wouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstoallthepeoplewhohaveofferedmetheirselflesshelpandsupportforthisthesis．Firstofall，1wouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisorProfessorShiYuzhiwhohasbeenagreatsupportinmyacademiclifethroughtheyears．Hisinvaluableinstruction，insightfulremarks，consistentencouragementandcarefulrevisionhelpmakethepapermorepreciseandvaluable．Secondly,1wouldliketoconveymythankstorespectableprofessorBaiJiehong，professorDengYunhua，professorQinYuxiang，professorLiaoGuangrong，professorTangYanling，professorHuangHuiminandSOoninHunanNormalUniversityduringmypostgraduatestudywhoseinspiringlectureshavegreatlydeepenedandbroadenedmyknowledgeoflinguistics．Thirdly,mythanksalsogotomydearclassmatesandMendswhohaveneverhesitatedtohelpmewiththeirvaluableadviceandhavealwaysbeenmysupport．Finally,thanksareduetomyparents，fortheirselflessloveandsupportduringthisprocess．81 湖南师范大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名：凰聊加7，年-b月≥日湖南师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属湖南师范大学。同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权湖南师范大学可p2,将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。本学位论文属于1、保密口，在⋯⋯年解密后适用本授权书。2、不保密瞰(请在以上相应方框内打“~／”)作者签名：i黟研．日期：矽7绰6,97日锄样乃渤．．嗍溯侔钼圳