进入模式分析english.doc

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1、EntryModeContractFarmingDefinitionContractualrelationshipbetweenaninternationalbuyerand(associationsof)hostcountryfarmers(includingthroughintermediaries),whichestablishesconditionsforthefarmingandmarketingofagriculturalproducts.AdvantageAdvantagesforfarmer

2、sTheprimeadvantageofacontractualagreementforfarmersisthatthesponsorwillnormallyundertaketopurchaseallproducegrown,withinspecifiedqualityandquantityparameters.Contractscanalsoprovidefarmerswithaccesstoawiderangeofmanagerial,technicalandextensionservicesthat

3、otherwisemaybeunobtainable.First,inputsandproductionservicesareoftensuppliedbythesponsor.Manycontractualarrangementsinvolveconsiderableproductionsupportinadditiontothesupplyofbasicinputssuchasseedandfertilizer.Sponsorsmayalsoprovidelandpreparation,fieldcul

4、tivationandharvestingaswellasfreetrainingandextension.Asecondadvantageisthatcontractfarmingoftenintroducesnewtechnologyandalsoenablesfarmerstolearnnewskills.Small-scalefarmersarefrequentlyreluctanttoadoptnewtechnologiesbecauseofthepossiblerisksandcostsinvo

5、lved.Buttheyaremorelikelytoacceptnewpracticeswhentheycanrelyonexternalresourcesformaterialandtechnologicalinputs.Theskillsthefarmerlearnsthroughcontractfarmingmayincluderecordkeeping,theefficientuseoffarmresources,improvedmethodsofapplyingchemicalsandferti

6、lizers,aknowledgeoftheimportanceofqualityandthecharacteristicsanddemandsofexportmarkets.AdvantagesforsponsorsWell-managedcontractfarmingisaneffectivewaytocoordinateandpromoteproductionandmarketinginagriculture.There’resomeadvantagesforsponsors.First,Contra

7、ctfarmingwithsmallfarmersismorepoliticallyacceptablethan,forexample,productiononestates.Manygovernmentsarereluctanttohavelargeplantationsandsomeareactivelyinvolvedinclosingdownsuchestatesandredistributingtheirland.Contractfarming,particularlywhenthefarmeri

8、snotatenantofthesponsor,islesslikelytobesubjecttopoliticalcriticism.Second,workingwithsmallfarmersovercomeslandconstraints.Mostlargetractsofsuitablelandarenoweithertraditionallyowned,costlytopurchaseorunavail