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1、RalphWaldoEmerson(1803---1882)“AmericanConfucius”--AbrahamLincolnLifeMajorWorksIdeasInfluenceRalphWaldoEmersonEarlyLife1803,borninBoston,MA1811,hisfatherdied,“GenteelPoverty”1817,HarvardCollege,UnitarianismEarlyLife1821,graduated,taughtforyoungladies1825,HarvardDivinitySchool1829,
2、minister,TheSecondChurchofBostonFirstMarriage1829,married,EllenLouisaTucker(diedofTBtwoyearslater)1832,resigned,sailedforEuropeInEuropeThomasCarlyleWilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridgeEuropeanRomanticismLecturerNov.1833,back,careerasalecturerTranscendentalist’sClubTranscendental
3、istjournalTheDialSecondMarriage1835,marriedLydiaJackson1836,NatureEmersonandLydiawithchildrenandgrandchildrenLateLife&Death1860s,upset,CivilWar1872,lostmemory,aphasia（失语症）April27th,1882,diedNature“TheManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”“TheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism”Works
4、TheAmericanScholar“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”AdeclarationofculturalindependencefortheUSWorks“Self-Reliance”Anessaythaturgesreaderstotrusttheirownintuitionandcommonsenseratherthanautomaticallyfollowingpopularopinionandconformingtothewillofthemajority.WorksIdeas“Oversoul
5、”thesoulcancompletelytranscendthelimitsofindividualityandbecomepartoftheOversoulspiritiseverywhere:inthesoulofman,innature“theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul”IdeasIndividualismnotthecrowdisthemostimportantall,buttheinfinitudeofman“Trustthyself”“Makethyself”IdeasNatureisemblem
6、aticofGod“natureisthevehicleofthought”“natureisthesymbolofspirit”WeaknessneversystematicphilosophydenialtherealityofevildenialofitsrealspiritualoriginInfluenceThoreau,Whitman,Dickinson--indebtedHawthorneandMelville--againsthisoptimism,benefitedfromhisideasHiscallforanindependentcu
7、ltureplayedaveryimportantpartintheintellectualhistoryofthenation.“Ourlongapprenticeshiptothelearningofotherlandsdrawstoaclose.Themillionsthataroundusarerushingintolifecannotalwaysbefedonthesereremainsofforeignharvests”.“TheFatherofAmericanCivilization”---AbrahamLincolnHappinessisa
8、perfumeyoucannotpouronotherswitho
