Emerson-Transcendentalism(常耀信,美国文学,超验主义.爱默生).ppt

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1、Transcendentalism（1830s-1850s）WhatisTranscendentalism?p56TranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively”.Transcendentali

2、stsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau.超验主义(transcendentalism)的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影--"世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水"（爱默生语）。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一，万物皆受"超灵"制约，而人类灵魂与"超灵"一致。这种对人之神

3、圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验。"相信你自己"这句爱默生的名言，成为超验主义者座右铭。这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的"人性恶"、"命定论"等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。ResourcesA.PuritanheritageP58Attheendofthe18thcenturypeoplegraduallyfeltboringaboutthestrictCalvinism.Atthesametimewiththedevelopmentofscienceandtec

4、hnology,Americanssuspectedtheoldreligion.Thus,Unitarianism（唯一理教）appeared.ItwasadevelopedschoolfromtheTranscendentalism.Itstressed"continualprogressofmankind"ratherthanoldreligion's"man'stotaldepravity”.ResourcesB.ForeigninfluenceGermanPhilosophy,especiallyKant（康德）AncientIndian

5、andChineseworks,suchasConfuciusandMenciusP58Oversoul超灵andindividualsoulTheOversoulisanall-pervadingpowerforgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.AstheindividualsoulcouldcommunewithGod,itwas,therefore,divine.Withtheassumptionoftheinnate

6、goodnessofhumanity,itheldthattheindividualsoulcouldreachGodwithoutthehelpofchurchesorclergy.Spirit/Oversoulisthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.FeaturesP57Itexistsinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedtheuniverse.Itisomnipresent(presenteverywhere)andomnipotent(abletodoanything)（anew

7、wayoflookingattheworld）FeaturesTheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceofindividualismTheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.Theregenerationofsocietycouldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindividual.Hisperfectionshouldbethefirstconcernofhislife.Th

8、eidealtypeofmanwastheself-reliantindividual（anewwayofl