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1、RalphWaldoEmerson andHenryDavidThoreau——NewEnglandTranscendentalism1.RalphWaldoEmersonBorn:May25,1803Died:April27,1882Era:19thcenturyphilosophySchool:TranscendentalismNotableideas:Self-reliance,over-soulHeisanAmericanessayist,lecturer,andpoet,wholedtheTransc
2、endentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.1.1BiographicalintroductionSonofanewEnglandclergyman.WenttoHarvard,reconsideredCalvinistbelief,embracedUnitarianism.(1817)LefthisjobforEuropeandbroughtbackEuropeanRomanticism.(1832-1833)FormedTranscendentalistClubandits
3、journal“theDial”（《日晷》）,becamespokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.(1835)1.2MajorworksNature《论自然》(1836):“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul,Spiritispresenteverywhere”Thebookpresentsatheoryoftheuniverse,itsorigin,presentcondition,andfinaldestiny.Nature’s
4、voicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism/AmericanRenaissance.It’sconsideredastheBibleofTranscendentalism.TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》(1837):Inthisessay,EmersoncallsforadistinctiveAmericanstyl
5、e,dealingwithAmericansubjects.Thus,itisregardedas“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.Self-Reliance《论自助》（1841）：“Self-Reliance”ishissignificantworkwhichexpresseshisideaoftranscendentalism,onefocusofwhichistheprimacyoftheindividual.Soitexploresindiv
6、idualismattheheartofEmerson’sTranscendentalfaith:thedignityandtheultimatesanctityofeachhumanbeing.“BelieveinYourself”isthecorepointof“Self-Reliance.”Over-soul《论超灵》（1841）：isItistheninthessayinthe1841editionofEmerson’sEssays,anditremainsoneofthebestsourcesofinf
7、ormationabouthisfaith.Itisaphilosophicwork,inwhichEmersongivesanexplicitdiscussiononhisideaoftheover-soul,withamostcomprehensiveandsensitiveanalysisofthevarietiesofreligiousexperience.1.3InfluenceEmerson’simportanceintheintellectualhistoryofAmericaliesinthefa
8、ctthatHeembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.HisaestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliterature.ItmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetry.Hecal
