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1、RalphWaldoEmersonFullname:RalphWaldoEmersonBorn:May25,1803 Died:April27,1882Era:19thcenturyphilosophyRegion:WesternPhilosophySchool:TranscendentalismLifeLiteratureInfluenceOtherinformationintroductionlifeRalphWaldoEmerson(May25,1803–April27,1882)wasanAmericanlecturer,essayist,andpo
2、et,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety,andhedisseminatedhisthoughtsthroughdozensofpublishedessaysandmorethan1,500publiclecturesacrosstheUnitedStates.Hisu
3、ndergraduatecareeratHarvardwasnotillustrious（杰出的）,andhisstudiesattheHarvardDivinitySchoolweretruncatedbyvisionproblems,buthewasordainedaministeroftheSecondChurchinBoston,shortlybeforemarryingEllenTuckerin1829.Heresignedin1832.Transcendentalismisagroupofnewideasinliteratureandphilos
4、ophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearly-to-middle19thcentury.ItissometimescalledAmericanTranscendentalismtodistinguishitfromotherusesofthewordtranscendental.Themovementdevelopedinthe1830sand40sasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety,andinparticular,thestateofintellectuali
5、smatHarvardUniversityandthedoctrineoftheUnitarianchurchtaughtatHarvardDivinitySchool.Amongtranscendentalists'corebeliefswasthebeliefinanidealspiritualstatethat"transcends"thephysicalandempiricalandisrealizedonlythroughtheindividual'sintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablis
6、hedreligions.ThemajorfiguresinthemovementwereRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WaltWhitman.HenryDavidThoreau(July12,1817 –May6,1862)wasanAmericanauthor,poet,abolitionist(废奴主义者),naturalist,taxresister,developmentcritic,surveyor,historian,philosopher,andleadingtranscendentalist.Hei
7、sbestknownforhisbookWalden,areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings,andhisessay,CivilDisobedience,anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststate.WaldenbyHenryDavidThoreauisoneofthebest-knownnon-fictionbookswrittenbyanAmerican.Publishedin1
8、854,itdetailsThoreau‘ssojo
