语言学第十章课件.ppt

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1、Chapter10CognitiveLinguisticsContents10.1Introduction10.2CategorizationandCategories10.2.1Theclassicaltheory10.2.2Prototypetheory10.2.3Levelsofcategorization10.3ConceptualMetaphorandMetonymy10.3.1Conceptualmetaphor10.3.2Conceptualmetonymy10.4Iconicity10.4.1Iconicity

2、oforder10.4.2Iconicityofdistance10.4.3Iconicityofcomplexity10.5Grammaticalization10.1IntroductionDescribeacar★box-likeshape,wheels,doors,windows,engine,brakes,seat…★comfortable,fast,socialstatus…★personalaffairsconnectedwithcars,e.g.caraccidentWhatdoesthisexampletel

3、lus?Thisexampletellsusthatthedescriptionofacargoesbeyondtheobjectivedescription,butprovidesaricher,morenaturalviewofitsmeaning,andincludestheuseofmetaphor.Thisapproachtolanguageiscloselyrelatedtohumanexperienceoftheworldandthewaytoperceivetheworld.Thisnewapproachtol

4、anguageiscalledcognitivelinguistics.cognitivelinguisticsCognitiveLinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagebasedonhumanbodilyexperienceoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.认知语言学是基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。Background:Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedappr

5、oachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970sasareactionagainstthedominantgenerativeparadigmwhichpursuesanautonomousviewoflanguageandhasbeenincreasinglyactivesince1980s.threemajorhypothesesofcognitivelinguistics:1)Languageisnotanautonomous;2)Grammarisconceptualizati

6、on;3)Knowledgeoflanguageemergesfromlanguageuse.10.2CategorizationandCategoriesCategorization:Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.范畴化是基于人类经验的异同将我们的经验划分成不同的类型。Categorizationisourabilitytoidenti

7、fyentitiesasmembersofgroups.10.2.1TheclassicaltheoryTheclassicaltheoryofcategorizationcanbetracedbacktoAristotle,anditiscarriedforwardbystructuralistandtransformationalistlinguists.10.2.1TheclassicaltheoryTheclassicaltheory—theviewthatcategoriesaredefinedbyalimiteds

8、etofnecessaryandsufficientconditions.ItwastheprevalentmodelsincethetimeofAristotle.Theseconditionsarecalled‘necessaryandsufficient’because