词汇学第四节课件.ppt

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1、Chapter5Changesinwordmeaning词义的变化1.Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit.2.Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital(独奏)?I.Polysemy(一词多义)II.Typesofsemanticchange（词义变化的方式）I.Polysemy(一词多义)Polysemy-Greekorigin:Polys:much;sema:meaningThesamewordmayhavetwoormored

2、ifferentmeanings.MostEnglishwordsarepolysemic.Asignofthesuperiorityofthatlanguage.1.Primarymeaning(原始意义；基本意义)andderivedmeaning（派生意义）Primarymeaningreferstowhatawordoriginallymeant;derivedmeaningreferstothemeaningspringingfromtheoriginalmeaning(词在语言发展过程中形成的).Eg.Harvest秋天（autumn）Pain(惩罚)，此义

3、仅用于下列词组：Painsandpenalties刑法On/underpainof(death)违者处（死）2.Centralmeaning(中心意义)andsecondarymeaning（次要意义）CentralmeaningequalsPrimarymeaningRadiation词义的辐射:theprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.Eachofthesecondary

4、meaningsisindependentofalltherest,andmaybetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.Hand(手)I’monlyinterestedinthebirdsinmyhands.（拥有）Hesethishandstothecontract.(签字）Mysonwriteagoodhand.（字）Wegavethesingerabighand（鼓掌）Weneed20morehands.（人手）Concatenation连锁联结Theprocesswherethelatermeaningisrelatedtotheproc

5、eedingoneonly,justlikeachain.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectionbetweenthetwo.E.g：cheater:其原意为“anofficerwhoattendedtoescheats”即，看管领主的土地的官吏。后因这种人常常损公肥私成为不老实的人(adishonestperson)，现在作“骗子”解。此义与原义已失去联系。candidate源自拉丁语candidatus(white-robbed穿白衣的)，原义指“穿白衣的人”

6、(apersondressedinwhite)，后用来指“穿白衣的谋求公职的人”(awhite-robbedseekerforoffice)。这与古罗马的风俗有关，当时凡候选人参加选举时均需穿上白衣。随着语言的发展，“穿白衣的”的原始意义丧失，只保留“候选人”(aseekerforoffice)一义。显然，此义与原义已经分离。II.Typesofsemanticchange（词义变化的方式）CausesofSemanticChange：1.Historicalcause：Itrefersthatawordretrains(抑制；束缚)itsoriginalform,bu

7、titsmeaninghaschangedbecausetheobjectwhichitdenoteshaschanged.e.g.carmeanstwo-wheeledfromLatin,nowitmeansamoderntransport.2.Socialcause：Itrefersthatchangeinwordmeaningresultingfromaconstantverbaltransferbetweencommonwordsandvarioustechnicalwords.e.g.Feedback(微分反馈;微分反应)ori