Human learning 人类语言学课件.ppt

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1、HumanLearning吕旸陈莹王理娜孔韶辉郝亦佳费小玉MaincontentsofthischapterFourdifferenttheoriesoflearninginthefieldofpsychologyEighttypesoflearningThreephenomenainsecondlanguageacquisitionandtheirmeaningsInductiveanddeductivereasoningandsecondlanguageacquisitionIntelligenceandsecondlanguagelearning1.

2、1Fourdifferenttheoriesoflearninginthefieldofpsychology1)classicalbehaviorism;2)neo-behaviorism;3)meaningfullearningtheory;4)humanisticpsychologyFrombehavioristicsideFromcognitivesideClassicalbehaviorismTheRussianpsychologistIvanPavlov.Thelearningprocessconsistsoftheformationofasso

3、ciationsbetweenstimuliandreflexiveresponses.ClassicalorRespondentconditioningClassicalconditioningisStimulus(S)elicits>Response(R)conditioningWhereclassicalconditioningillustratesS-->Rlearning,operantconditioningisoftenviewedasR-->SlearningInthisclassicalexperiment,Pavlovtrainedad

4、og,byrepeatedoccurrencestoassociatethesoundofthebellwithsalivationuntilthedogacquiredaconditionedresponse:salivationatthesoundofthebell.Apreviouslyneutralstimulushadacquiredthepowertoelicitaresponsethatwasoriginallyelicitedbyanotherstimulus.Neo-behaviorismB.F.SkinnerOperantconditi

5、oningOperantbehaviorisbehaviorinwhichone“operates”ontheenvironment,withinthismodeltheimportanceofstimuliisdeemphasized.Next>>1.Whenaneventthatfollowsabehaviorresultsinthebehaviorhavingalowerprobabilityofhappeninginthefuturetheprocessthatisatworkisknownas:a.punishmentb.reinforcemen

6、t2.Anyeventorstimulusthatincreasesthefrequencyofthebehavioritfollowsiscalled:apunisherb.areinforcerab1.Respondentsaresetsofresponsesthatareelicitedbyidentifiablestimuli.2.Operantsaresetsofresponsesthatareemittedandgovernedbytheconsequencestheyproduce.e.g.:cryingababygetshurtHecrie

7、sacryingbabyhegetsfedInclassicalconditioning,theimportanceofstimuliisemphasized(imitation,practice,habitformation),whileinoperantconditioning,theconsequencesofourbehaviorisemphasized（rewardsandnopunishment).ROMeaningfullearningtheoryDavidAusubelLearningisameaningfulprocessofrelati

8、ngneweventsoritemstoalreadyexisti