竞争性市场课件.ppt

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1、©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternWHATISACOMPETITIVEMARKET?什么是竞争性市场?Acompetitivemarkethasmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker.竞争性市场拥有许多买者和卖者,他们所交易的是相同的产品,因此每一个买者和卖者都是价格的接受者.Buyersandsellersmustacceptthepricedeterminedbythemarket.买者和卖者必须接受市场决定的价格.TheMe

2、aningofCompetition竞争的涵义Aperfectlycompetitivemarkethasthefollowingcharacteristics:一个完全竞争的市场具有下列特征:Therearemanybuyersandsellersinthemarket.市场上存在着许多买者和卖者Thegoodsofferedbythevarioussellersarelargelythesame.由各个不同的卖者所提供的商品在很大程度上是相同的。Firmscanfreelyenterorexitthemarket.企业能够自由地进入和退出市场。TheMeaning

3、ofCompetition竞争的涵义Asaresultofitscharacteristics,theperfectlycompetitivemarkethasthefollowingoutcomes:作为其特征的结果，完全竞争市场具有下列结果：Theactionsofanysinglebuyerorsellerinthemarkethaveanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice.市场上任何单一的买者或卖者对市场价格的影响都是微不足道的。Eachbuyerandsellertakesthemarketpriceasgiven.每一个买者或卖

4、者把市场价格都看作是给定的。TheRevenueofaCompetitiveFirm竞争性企业的收益Totalrevenueforafirmisthesellingpricetimesthequantitysold.企业的总收益是销售价格乘出售的数量TR=(PQ)Totalrevenueisproportionaltotheamountofoutput.总收益与产出数量成比例TheRevenueofaCompetitiveFirm竞争性企业的收益Averagerevenuetellsushowmuchrevenueafirmreceivesforthetypical

5、unitsold.平均收益告诉我们一个企业从销售的典型单位中获取多少收益Averagerevenueistotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold.平均收益是总收益除销售数量TheRevenueofaCompetitiveFirm竞争性企业的收益Inperfectcompetition,averagerevenueequalsthepriceofthegood.在完全竞争中，平均收益等于商品的价格。TheRevenueofaCompetitiveFirm竞争性企业的收益Marginalrevenueisthechangeintotalre

6、venuefromanadditionalunitsold.边际收益是来自新增一单位销售的总收益变化MR=TR/QForcompetitivefirms,marginalrevenueequalsthepriceofthegood.对于竞争性企业来说，边际收益等于商品的价格。Table1Total,Average,andMarginalRevenueforaCompetitiveFirmPROFITMAXIMIZATIONANDTHECOMPETITIVEFIRM’SSUPPLYCURVE利润最大化与竞争性企业的供给曲线Thegoalofacompetitivef

7、irmistomaximizeprofit.竞争性企业的目标是使利润达到最大化Thismeansthatthefirmwillwanttoproducethequantitythatmaximizesthedifferencebetweentotalrevenueandtotalcost.这意味着企业想要生产的数量能够使得总收益与总成本之间的差额达到最大化。Table2ProfitMaximization:ANumericalExample表2：利润最大化---一个数字化范例TheMarginalCost-CurveandtheFirm’sSuppl