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1、CHARLESDICKENS’HARDTIMES:ROMANTICTRAGEDYORPROLETARIATPROPAGANDA?RonnieOldhamTheDepartmentofEnglish,AalborgUniversityInHardTimes,CharlesDickensgivesusaclose-uplookintowhatappearstobetheivorytowerofthebourgeoisieofhisday,yetthesemiddle-classcharactersareviewedfromasingular
2、perspective,theperspectiveofthoseatthebottomofthesocialandeconomicsystem.ThoughDickens’characterstendtobewelldevelopedandpresentedwithathoroughlyhumanquality,thestereotypicalfigureofarrogantanddemandingBounderbyfailstoaccuratelycapturethemotivationsandattitudesofthetypic
3、alsuccessfulbusinessmanofthedayandisanindicationoftheauthor’spoliticalmotives.HardTimes,ratherthanpresentingahistoricallyaccuratepictureoftheextraordinarychangesbroughtaboutbytheindustrialrevolution,isaone-sidedattackontheutilitarianvaluesystemofthemiddle19thcenturybased
4、uponemotionalblue-collarappealsforlaborsympathythatarenotuncommonintoday’scorporateenvironment.JosiahBounderbyofCoketownrepresentstheutilitarianattitudeand,assuch,isthevillainofthestoryandclearlythetargetofDickens’politicalargument.DickenscharacterizesBounderbyasapowerfu
5、lindividual,drivenbygreedandguidedbyadistortedviewofhumannature.HeistheonlywealthyindustrialistintroducedinHardTimes,althoughMr.Slearymightarguablybeconsideredthemorevirtuousbusinessman.DickensclearlyportraysBounderbyasagreedyandindividualistic,self-servingcapitalist;rat
6、herthananinsightful,forward-lookingcrafterofanewindustrialage.Dickensartfullyweaveshispoliticalenemyintoapompous,arrogantimagereinforcedwithtraditionalworking-classthemesthatleadthereadertoconcludethatBounderby,asamanifestationofGradgrind’sandChoakumchild’sphilosophyof"f
7、act,"representsallthatiswrongwithindustrialsociety.DickensapparentlyexpectshisreaderstoaccepthisportrayalofBounderbyasbeingtypicalofthisnewbreedofindustrialists,butthecharacterreflectsnoneofthebeginningsofmodernscientificprinciplesofmanagementdateemerginginthefirsthalfof
8、the19thcentury.BybuildingontheprinciplesofAdamSmith’sWealthofNations,theworksofBabbage,Jevons,Newman,Ri
