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1、CHARLESDICKENS’HARDTIMES:ROMANTICTRAGEDYORPROLETARIATPROPAGANDA?RonnieOldhamTheDepartmentofEnglish,AalborgUniversityInHardTimes,CharlesDickensgivesusaclose-uplookintowhatappearstobetheivorytowerofthebourgeoisieofhisday,yetthesemiddle-classcharactersareviewedfromasingularperspective,thepe
2、rspectiveofthoseatthebottomofthesocialandeconomicsystem.ThoughDickens’characterstendtobewelldevelopedandpresentedwithathoroughlyhumanquality,thestereotypicalfigureofarrogantanddemandingBounderbyfailstoaccuratelycapturethemotivationsandattitudesofthetypicalsuccessfulbusinessmanofthedayand
3、isanindicationoftheauthor’spoliticalmotives.HardTimes,ratherthanpresentingahistoricallyaccuratepictureoftheextraordinarychangesbroughtaboutbytheindustrialrevolution,isaone-sidedattackontheutilitarianvaluesystemofthemiddle19thcenturybaseduponemotionalblue-collarappealsforlaborsympathythat
4、arenotuncommonintoday’scorporateenvironment.JosiahBounderbyofCoketownrepresentstheutilitarianattitudeand,assuch,isthevillainofthestoryandclearlythetargetofDickens’politicalargument.DickenscharacterizesBounderbyasapowerfulindividual,drivenbygreedandguidedbyadistortedviewofhumannature.Heis
5、theonlywealthyindustrialistintroducedinHardTimes,althoughMr.Slearymightarguablybeconsideredthemorevirtuousbusinessman.DickensclearlyportraysBounderbyasagreedyandindividualistic,self-servingcapitalist;ratherthananinsightful,forward-lookingcrafterofanewindustrialage.Dickensartfullyweaveshi
6、spoliticalenemyintoapompous,arrogantimagereinforcedwithtraditionalworking-classthemesthatleadthereadertoconcludethatBounderby,asamanifestationofGradgrind’sandChoakumchild’sphilosophyof"fact,"representsallthatiswrongwithindustrialsociety.Dickensapparentlyexpectshisreaderstoaccepthisportra
7、yalofBounderbyasbeingtypicalofthisnewbreedofindustrialists,butthecharacterreflectsnoneofthebeginningsofmodernscientificprinciplesofmanagementdateemerginginthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.BybuildingontheprinciplesofAdamSmith’sWealthofNations,theworksofBabbage,Jevons,Newman,Ri
