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1、EnvironmentalproblemscausedbyIstanbulsubwayexcavationandsuggestionsforremediationIbrahimOcakAbstract:Manyenvironmentalproblemscausedbysubwayexcavationshaveinevitablybecomeanimportantpointincitylife.Theseproblemscanbecategorizedastransportingandstocking
2、ofexcavatedmaterial,trafficjams,noise,vibrations,pilesofdustmudandlackofsupplies.Althoughtheseproblemscausemanydifficulties,themostpressingforabigcitylikeIstanbulisexcavation,sinceotherlisteddifficultiesresultfromit.Moreover,theseproblemsareenvironmentall
3、yandregionallyrestrictedtotheperiodoverwhichconstructionprojectsareunderwayanddisappearwhenconstructionisfinished.Currently,inIstanbul,thereareninesubwayconstructionprojectsinoperation,coveringapproximately73kminlength;over200kmtobeconstructedinthenearf
4、uture.Theamountofmaterialexcavatedfromongoingconstructionprojectscoversapproximately12millionm3.Inthisstudy,problems—primarily,theproblemwithexcavationwaste(EW)—causedbysubwayexcavationareanalyzedandsuggestionsforremediationareoffered.Keywords:Environm
5、entalproblemsSubwayexcavationWastemanagementIntroductionNowadays,citiesarespreadingoverlargerareaswithincreasingdemandonextendingtransportfacilities.Thus,allovertheworld,especiallyincitieswherethepopulationexceeds300,000–400,000people,railway-basedmean
6、softransportationisbeingacceptedastheultimatesolution.Therefore,largeinvestmentsinsubwayandlightrailconstructionarerequired.Theconstructionofstatedsystemsrequiressurfaceexcavations,cutandcovertunnelexcavations,boredtunnelexcavations,redirectionofinfras
7、tructuresandtunnelconstructionprojects.Theseelementsdisturbtheenvironmentandaffecteverydaylifeofcitizensintermsofrunningwater,naturalgas,sewersystemsandtelephonelines.Onereasonwhymetroexcavationsaffecttheenvironmentisthehugeamountofexcavatedmaterialpro
8、duced.Moreover,alargeamountofthisexcavatedmaterialiscomposedofmuddyandbentonitematerial.Storingexcavatedmaterialthenbecomescrucial.Aconsiderableamountofpressurehasbeenplacedonofficialstostoreandrecycleanykindofexcavatedmaterial.Wastemana
