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1、外文文献17Inthefirstbookweconsideredtheideamerelyassuch,thatis,onlyaccordingtoitsgeneralform.Itistruethatasfarastheabstractidea,theconcept,isconcerned,weobtainedaknowledgeofitinrespectofitscontentalso,becauseithascontentandmeaningonlyinrelationtotheideaofperception,w
2、ithoutwhichitwouldbeworthlessandempty.Accordingly,directingourattentionexclusivelytotheideaofperception,weshallnowendeavourtoarriveataknowledgeofitscontent,itsmoreexactdefinition,andtheformswhichitpresentstous.Anditwillspeciallyinterestustofindanexplanationofitsp
3、eculiarsignificance,thatsignificancewhichisotherwisemerelyfelt,butonaccountofwhichitisthatthesepicturesdonotpassbyusentirelystrangeandmeaningless,astheymustotherwisedo,butspeaktousdirectly,areunderstood,andobtainaninterestwhichconcernsourwholenature.Wedirectourat
4、tentiontomathematics,naturalscience,andphilosophy,foreachoftheseholdsoutthehopethatitwillaffordusapartoftheexplanationwedesire.Now,takingphilosophyfirst,wefindthatitislikeamonsterwithmanyheads,eachofwhichspeaksadifferentlanguage.Theyarenot,indeed,allatvarianceont
5、hepointwearehereconsidering,thesignificanceoftheideaofperception.For,withtheexceptionoftheScepticsandtheIdealists,theothers,forthemostpart,speakverymuchinthesamewayofanobjectwhichconstitutesthebasisoftheidea,andwhichisindeeddifferentinitswholebeingandnaturefromth
6、eidea,butyetisinallpointsaslikeitasoneeggistoanother.Butthisdoesnothelpus,forwearequiteunabletodistinguishsuchanobjectfromtheidea;wefindthattheyareoneandthesame;foreveryobjectalwaysandforeverpresupposesasubject,andthereforeremainsidea,sothatwerecognisedobjectivit
7、yasbelongingtothemostuniversalformoftheidea,whichisthedivisionintosubjectandobject.Further,theprincipleofsufficientreason,whichisreferredtoinsupportofthisdoctrine,isforusmerelytheformoftheidea,theorderlycombinationofoneideawithanother,butnotthecombinationofthewho
8、lefiniteorinfiniteseriesofideaswithsomethingwhichisnotideaatall,andwhichcannotthereforebepresentedinperception.OftheScepticsandIdealistswespokeabove,inexaminin
