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1、高三英语总复习基础部分——语法讲解篇2.3 高中英语常用语法——定语从句一、定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why,而关系副词往往可以替换为介词+which结构。关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句;B.代替先行词;C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如:Themanwhoiss
2、hakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中,whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句,修饰先行词theman,who是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词theman,在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。Theprofessor(whom
3、)youarewaitingforhascome.Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.注意:关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。3.which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thecompanywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从
4、句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5.whose通常指人,也可指物,多指代所属关系,常翻译为“……的”,在定语从句中作定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.6.as通常引导非限
5、制性定语从句,意义上等同于which引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词通常为一件事情,但as的位置相当灵活,可放句首、句中和句末,而which只能放在先行词之后。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.注意:虽然that在引导定语从句时常常可以和which,who互换,但是在限制性定语从句中某些情况下只能使用that。1.当先行词是everything,anything,no
6、thing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwasthe
7、BigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4.当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如:ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如:Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当
8、先行词为人和物时。如:Theytalkedaboutthepers
