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1、Argument22(20个常见逻辑错误与攻击方法)1.开头段：Inthisargument…reachestheconclusionthat…Thebasisforthisrecommendationistheexpectationthat…Anadditionalreasongiveninsupportofthisrecommendationisthat…Whilethisargumenthassomemerit,thereareafewassumptionthatdeserveattentio
2、n.(Atfirstglance,theauthor’sappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitisbasedonsomedubiousassumptions.)2.结尾段：Insum,thearguerfailstovalidate(theconclusion)that…Tosolidifytheargument,thearguershouldsupplymoreconcreteevidencetodemonst
3、ratethat…Inaddition,thearguerwouldhavetoruleouttheabove-mentionedpossibilitythatmayunderminethearguer’sclaim(conclusion).3.选择性样本：信号词：A、名词单复数B、表示整体和部分的词C、表示多、少的词D、表示范围的词“多不够多，少不够少，大不够大，小不够小。”（比例高，绝对数字低。）Inthefirstplace,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosuppo
4、rttheclaimthat…asawhole…Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthesetrends,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasonstobelievethatdatadrawnfromthis…isrepresentativeoftheentirecountry.Forexample,if…itwouldclearlybeunrepresentative.Thereasonforth
5、isisobvious.4.样本的数目即代表性的问题：信号词：A、表示变化的词B、程度adv.C、数字First,theconclusionthat…isbasedontoosmallasampletobereliable.Theonlyevidenceofferedinsupportofthisconclusionisthefactthat…Unlessitcanbeshownthat…istypicalofall…thefactthatitexperienced…isnogroundforcon
6、cludingthatall…willexperiencesimilarresults.5.调查对象是否被暗示或误导了：A、回答皆谎言B、叙事不可信Thesurveymethodologymightbeproblematicintworespects.First,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyrequiredthatrespondentschoosethere…preferencebetweenalternatives.Ifitdid,thentheresultsm
7、ightdistortthepreferencesoftherespondents,whomightverywellrefera…choicenotprovidedforinthesurvey.Secondly,wearenotinformedwhethersurveyresponseswereanonymousorevenconfidential.Intheevent,thesurveyresultswouldbeunreliableforthepurposeofdrawinganyconclus
8、ionsabout…preferences,letaloneabouthowtoimprove…6.调查人员是否中立且公正：Thememoprovidesnoevidencethatthereportsfrom…arereliable.Themanagersmighthavefabricatedthereportssothat…1.统计数据是否被精确表述：Tobeginwith,thestatisticsareintendedtosupportthemainclaim
