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1、Argument22(20个常见逻辑错误与攻击方法)1.开头段：Inthisargument…reachestheconclusionthat…Thebasisforthisrecommendationistheexpectationthat…Anadditionalreasongiveninsupportofthisrecommendationisthat…Whilethisargumenthassomemerit,thereareafewassumptionthatdeserveattention.(Atfirstglance,thea
2、uthor’sappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitisbasedonsomedubiousassumptions.)2.结尾段：Insum,thearguerfailstovalidate(theconclusion)that…Tosolidifytheargument,thearguershouldsupplymoreconcreteevidencetodemonstratethat…Inaddition,thearguerwouldhavetoru
3、leouttheabove-mentionedpossibilitythatmayunderminethearguer’sclaim(conclusion).3.选择性样本：信号词：A、名词单复数B、表示整体和部分的词C、表示多、少的词D、表示范围的词“多不够多，少不够少，大不够大，小不够小。”（比例高，绝对数字低。）Inthefirstplace,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupporttheclaimthat…asawhole…Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveoftheset
4、rends,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasonstobelievethatdatadrawnfromthis…isrepresentativeoftheentirecountry.Forexample,if…itwouldclearlybeunrepresentative.Thereasonforthisisobvious.4.样本的数目即代表性的问题：信号词：A、表示变化的词B、程度adv.C、数字First,theconclusionthat…isbasedon
5、toosmallasampletobereliable.Theonlyevidenceofferedinsupportofthisconclusionisthefactthat…Unlessitcanbeshownthat…istypicalofall…thefactthatitexperienced…isnogroundforconcludingthatall…willexperiencesimilarresults.5.调查对象是否被暗示或误导了：A、回答皆谎言B、叙事不可信Thesurveymethodologymightbeprob
6、lematicintworespects.First,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyrequiredthatrespondentschoosethere…preferencebetweenalternatives.Ifitdid,thentheresultsmightdistortthepreferencesoftherespondents,whomightverywellrefera…choicenotprovidedforinthesurvey.Secondly,wearenotinformedwhet
7、hersurveyresponseswereanonymousorevenconfidential.Intheevent,thesurveyresultswouldbeunreliableforthepurposeofdrawinganyconclusionsabout…preferences,letaloneabouthowtoimprove…6.调查人员是否中立且公正：Thememoprovidesnoevidencethatthereportsfrom…arereliable.Themanagersmighthavefabricate
8、dthereportssothat…1.统计数据是否被精确表述：Tobeginwith,thestatisticsareintendedtosupportthemainclaim
