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1、Exerciseoflinguistics语言学练习（语言学教程胡壮麟主编）IExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.1.Homonymy同音（或同形）异义关系：Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalledhomonymy.,i.e.differentwordsareidentical(相同的)insoundorspelling,orinboth.例：forinstance,1)同形异义词homog
2、raphs:cloze[kləuz]----close [kləuz],sow/səʊ/----sow/soʊ/(US);2)同音异义词homophones:flower----flour,dear---deer,etc.3)同形同音词perfecthomonyms：angle---angle,bank---bank.2.predicationanalysis(述谓分析法)（语义分析）isanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallycons
3、ideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.Predicationistobreakdownthesentenceintotheirsmallerconstituents:argument(logicalparticipant)andpredicate(relationelement).Thepredicateisthemajororpivotalelementgoverningtheargument.(insta
4、nce)3tenorofdiscourse（话语意旨）The“tenorofdiscourse”isaboutthevariationrelatingto,orresultingfrom,whattheuseristryingtodowithlanguage,suchasteaching,persuading,advertising,instructing,etc.Thegenericsituationofadiscourseisoftendeterminedintermsoftenorofdiscourse.For
5、example,anadvertisementisbydefinitionanattempttopersuadethroughlinguisticandvisualmeans,andasermonisdesignedtoexhortandteach.4.Arbitrariness任意性：referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignshavenonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thereisnologicconnectionbetweenme
6、aningandsounds.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/(1.3.1)5.Performance(语言运用)：thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.(1.9.4)Aspeaker’slanguageperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.(nervousness,)6.Dysph
7、onia(语言障碍)isthemedicaltermfordisordersofthevoice:animpairmentintheabilitytoproducevoicesoundsusingthevocalorgansThus,dysphoniaisaphonation（发声）disorder.Thedysphonicvoicecanbehoarseorweak,orexcessivelybreathy,harsh,orrough,butsomekindofphonationisstillpossible(co
8、ntrastedwiththemoresevereaphoniawherephonationisimpossible).7.ReceivedPronunciation（标准发音P34）isawayofpronouncingBritishEnglishthatisoftenusedasastandardintheTeachingofEnglish
