语言学精华重点(刘润清版).doc

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1、语言学精华重点（刘润清版）三个语音学1arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthes

2、ameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/d0g/,inChineseas“gou”,but“yilu”inJapanese;itbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.Ofcourse,onomatopoeticwordssuchas“quack-quack”and“bang”areexceptions,butwordslikethesearerelativelyfewcomparedwiththetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.2duality:thewaymeaninglesse

3、lementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.3phonetics:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.4pragmatics:abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageinuse.5phonology:thestudyoftheabst

4、ractsystemsunderlyingthesoundsoflanguage.6syntax:thetermusedtorefertothestructureofsentencesandtothestudyofsentencestructure.7Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Inphonetics,anallophoneisoneofasetofmultiplepossiblespokensounds(orphones)usedtoprono

5、unceasinglephoneme.[1]Forexample,[pʰ](asinpin)and[p](asinspin)areallophonesforthephoneme/p/intheEnglishlanguage.Althoughaphoneme'sallophonesareallalternativepronunciationsforaphoneme,thespecificallophonesselectedinagivensituationisoftenpredictable.Changingtheallophoneusedbynativespeakersfo

6、ragivenphonemeinaspecificcontextusuallywillnotchangethemeaningofawordbuttheresultmaysoundnon-nativeorunintelligible.Speakersofagivenlanguageusuallyperceiveonephonemeintheirlanguageasasingledistinctivesoundinthatlanguageandare"bothunawareofandevenshockedby"theallophonevariationsusedtopronou

7、ncesinglephonemes.Everytimeaspeechsoundisproducedforagivenphoneme,itwillbeslightlydifferentfromotherutterances,evenforthesamespeaker.Thishasledtosomedebateoverhowreal,andhowuniversal,phonemesreallyare(seephonemefordetails).Onlysomeofthevariationissignificant(i