刘润清版语言学大纲.doc

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1、.word格式.CHAPTER11.thedefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageorasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.thedefinitionoflanguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(system:Theelementsoflanguagearecombinedacc

2、ordingtorules.Arbitrary任意的:Thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Vocal口头的:Theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.humancommunication:Languageishuman-specific.)3.designfeaturesoflanguage语言的7种特性:1.Arbitrariness任意性2.Duality双重性

3、(doublearticulation)3.Productivity创造性(Creativity)4.Interchangeability转换性(Reciprocity)5.Displace替代性6.Specialization7.Culturaltransmission4.functionoflanguage:Phaticfunction/communion(寒暄功能);Directivefunction(指令功能):Informativefunction(信息功能):Interrogativefunction(疑问

4、功能):Evocativefunction(情感功能):Performativefunction(施为功能):Expressivefunction(表达功能)5.someconceptsinlinguistics:Descriptive(描写式)andprescriptive(规定式)grammars:Descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelangua

5、ge.Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Itattemptstodescribewhatpeopleactuallysay.Traditionalgrammarsisprescriptiveforittellpeoplehowtousealanguage.Synchronicanddiachronic(historical)linguistics:Whenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchroniclinguistic

6、s共时语言学.Whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime,itiscalleddiachronicorhistoricallinguistics历史的.Langueandparole:Langereferstotheabstract抽象的linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolerefertoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueisthesocial,conv

7、entionalsideoflanguage,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.Langeisthecode,andparoleisthemessage.--Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic,whereasparoleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactors.Paroleandlanguetogetherconstitutelanguage.Competenceandperfo

8、rmance：Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations.Performancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,t