刘润清新编语言学答案

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1、Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics:thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklik

2、eadog.(4)duality:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.(6)performance:Chomsky’stermforactuallangu

3、agebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.(7)stylistics:thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.(8)phaticcommunion:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.(9)functionalism:thestudyoftheformsoflanguageinref

4、erencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.(10)formalism:thestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguageandtheirinternalrelations.(11)synchroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachroniclinguistics:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertim

5、eincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,spe-cializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’orpigs’noisesandthusset

6、humanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/d0g/,inChineseas“gou”,but“yilu”inJapanese;itbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.O

7、fcourse,ono-matopoeticwordssuchas“quack-quack”and“bang”areexceptions,butwordslikethesearerelativelyfewcomparedwiththetotalnumberofwordsinalan-guage.4.Ahumanbabydoesnotspeakanylanguageatbirth.Whatlangu