刘润清新编语言学教程Pragmatics教学课件

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1、PRAGMATICSUnit6DistinguishbetweenpragmaticsandsemanticsLearnabouttheSpeechActTheoryAnalyzeconversationalimplicatureObjectivesDefinitionStudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunicationSomebasicnotionsinPragmaticsContextPragmaticsvs.semant

2、icsCorrectnessvs.appropriatenessContextContext--abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehear

3、er,etc.….Semantics:studiessentencemeaning,propositionofasentence,context-independentPragmatics:studiesutterancemeaning,context-dependent,theproductofsentence-meaningandcontext;例1.“TodayisSunday.”maymean“Timeforustogoingfishing.”or“I’mnotgoingwithyou.I’mstayingh

4、ometohaveagoodrest.”etc.Pragmaticsvs.Semantics例2.B超室医务人员：“好好回去保胎。”、“生男生女一个样。”Anotherexample:abagbeingheavy(sentencemeaning);anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertohelpcarrythebag;thespeakerisdecliningsomeone’soffertohelp.“Thebagisheavy.”canmeanRayL.Birdwhist

5、ell,1952Correctnessvs.Appropriateness“Johnplaygolf”----grammaticallyincorrect;“GolfplayedJohn”----logicallyincorrect;butitmightbeappropriatepragmatically,likeinascribblednotebyahostage.Note:Pragmaticscanmakesenseoutofnonsense,givenasuitablecontext.Appropriatene

6、ssismostimportantincross-culturalcommunication.PragmaticsJohnLangshawAustin–SpeechActTheoryPaulGrice–TheCooperativePrincipleErvingGoffman–FacePenelopeBrownandStephenLevinson–PolitenessTheoryAnnaWierzbicka–CultureandCognitionconstative:tostateanact/describeastat

7、e.(Constativesareverifiable)Utterancesperformative:todothings/performacts(notverifiable)OldModel2utterances1.JohnAustin’sModelsAnutteranceisanaturalunitofspeechboundedbybreathsorpauses.Anutteranceisacompleteunitoftalk,boundedbythespeaker'ssilence.Indialogue,ea

8、chturnbyaspeakermaybeconsideredanutterance.ExamplesofAustin’sperformatives(1)e.g.InametheshipGöteborg.Ido.Ideclarethe29thOlympicGamesopen!Ibetyoutenbugsthatyouwilllose.Examp