descriptive and prescriptive lingustics

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1、DescriptiveLinguisticsandPrescriptiveLinguistics规定语言学和描述语言学DefinitionHistoryPrescriptiveGrammarVSDescriptiveGrammarExamplesWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryOutlinePrescriptivelinguistics规定语言学---anaccountofhowalanguageshouldbeusedinsteadofhowitisactuallyused.Itistheactoftakingtheofficia

2、lmodelsofalanguage,andtreatingthemassacred['seikrid]perfectrepresentationsofthelanguage,andenforcingthemonpeople.Forexample,correctingsomeonewhousestheword“ain’t”(amnot/arenot),evenifit’susedinanappropriatelycasualway.Descriptivelinguistics描述语言学---theworkofanalyzinganddescribinghowlanguageisa

3、ctuallyspokennow(orhowitwasactuallyspokeninthepast),byanygroupofpeople.history1Prescriptivelinguisticsschool2DescriptivelinguisticsschoolPrescriptivelinguisticsschool规定语言学派ThehistoryoflinguisticscantracebacktotheancientGreecein5thcenturyBC.Atthattime,prescriptivelinguisticsmainlydependedonthe

4、earlyLatinorGreekgrammar.Ittreatedthelinguisticasalawtorulepeoplehowtouselanguage.Untilthe18thcentury,theprescriptivelinguisticswasstillthemainstream.Descriptivelinguisticsschool描述语言学派1911192419331950Oneperson:Boas(鲍阿斯)Onebook:HandbookofAmericanIndianlanguage《美洲印第安语手册》Theforewordtothebook:The

5、symbolofthestartofthedescriptivelinguisticsschoolOneorganization:LinguisticSocietyofAmerica美国语言学学会Twopeople:Boas（鲍阿斯（1858-1942）Sapir(萨丕尔)（1884-1939）Onebook:Language(语言论)Oneperson:Bloomfield[‘blu:mfi:ld]布龙菲尔德Influence:ThesymboloftheformalbirthofthedescriptivelinguisticsschoolDescriptivelinguis

6、ticsschoolbecamematurePrescriptivegrammarDescriptivegrammarPrescriptivegrammariansprefergivingpracticaladviceaboutusinglanguage:straightforwardrulestohelpusavoidmakingerrors.Aprescriptivegrammarianbelievesthatcertainformsusedarecorrectandthatothers,eventhoughtheymaybeusedbynativespeakers,arei

7、ncorrect.PrescriptiveGrammarPrescriptivegrammarianslayoutrulesaboutwhattheybelievetobethe“correct”or“incorrect”useoflanguage.KeyPointDescriptivegrammariansgenerallyadviseusnottobeoverlyconcernedwithmattersofcorrectness:language,theysay,isn'tg