Chapter 1 Invitation to Lingustics

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1、Supplementaryexercises andreferencekeysChapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsI.Definitionofterms1.linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.3.arbitrariness:I

2、tisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds4.creativity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.5.displacement:Displacementmeansthatlangu

3、agecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.6.duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlangu

4、ageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.7.designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothequintessentialcharacteristicsofhumanlanguage,whichcandistinguishanyhumanlanguagesystemfromanynon-humanlanguagesystem.Theycove

5、rarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.8.competence:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.9.performance:Performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisti

6、ccommunication.10.parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.11.langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbya

7、llthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.12.synchronic:Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy.13.diachronic:Thedescriptionofal

8、anguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.14.descriptive:Ifalinguisticstudydescrib