2015武汉大学考博英语真题.docx

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1、武汉大学2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题一、阅读理解Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneform.ofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecri

2、me.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth."Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretr

3、ibutivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecr

4、iminaltogiveapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownwillpayhisdebt.Thede

5、mandofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Itt

6、riestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered,thecauseofhisantisocialbehav

7、ior.mustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemoved,provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfronttherestofthesociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itm

8、eansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentsistheonlyadequatemeansforaccompanyingthis,itshouldbeadministered.However,theindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hi