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1、武汉大学2011年博士研究生入学考试题考试科目：英语PartIReadingComprehension(2*20=40%)Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread・Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Y
2、ouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETPassageOneWallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture・Thesepeople,fromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;fromtheNeolithicperiod一whenrampartsofpounde
3、dearthwereused一totheCommunistRevolution,wallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.Notonlytownsandvillages,thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalled,andthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreet,thusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze.Thenameforn
4、city"inChinesemeanswall,andoverthesewalledcities,villages,housesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmounts,whosedutieswere,andstillare,toprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants・Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawall,whichwassup
5、posedtorunthroughoutthecountry,mustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity.However,itisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivetheGreatWallasasinglearchitecturalstructure,anditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevarious
6、dynasties,andeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtotherefurbishingandtheconstructionofawall,whosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.ItwasduringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C・thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdoms,bothagainstoneanot
7、herandagainstthenorthernnomads・Especiallythreeofthesestates:theQin,theZhaoandtheYan,correspondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShanxi,ShanxiandHebei,overandabovebuildingwallsthatsurroundedtheirkingdoms,alsolaidthefoundationsonwhichQinShihHuangDiwouldbuil
8、dhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall・TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasanimportantone・Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrisontroopswere
