2015武汉大学考博英语真题

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1、武汉大学2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题一、阅读理解Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneform.ofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.Recordedinth

2、eOldTestamentistheexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth."Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinman

3、ypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltogiveapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadco

4、mmitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownwillpayhisdebt.Thedemandofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditsho

5、uldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebesttha

6、tisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered,thecauseofhisantisocialbehavior.mustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemoved,provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecrimina

7、lswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfronttherestofthesociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentsistheonlyadequatemeansf

8、oraccompanyingthis,itshouldbeadministered.However,theindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hi