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1、2021/8/291Session2 EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureVivienYuanOutline1.TheMakingofEngland2.Beowulf3.TheEnglishBallad4.ChaucerTheMakingofEngland2021/8/294HistoricalBackgroundA.Briton(Celtictribes)B.TheRomanConquest(55B.C.-410.A.D.)C.Mid-5thAnglo-Saxons(449-1
2、100)(Angles,Saxons,Jutes)D.NormanConquest(DukeWilliam1066-1400)2021/8/295InitialPeriod:Beowulf(700A.D.)MedievalPeriod:GeoffreyChaucer WilliamLangland TheGawain-PoetBeowulf(createdaroundA.D.700,thebeginningofChina’sTangDynasty)–NationalEpic★thelongestandmost
3、monumentofAnglo-Saxonpoems★theoldestsurvivingepicinBritishliterature.oralform(6th),writtendown(7thor8th)aheroicepiclegendofprimitiveNortherntribesLiteraryterm★Epic(叙事诗、史诗):alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatherolikeHomer’sIliad(伊利亚特)&Odyssey（奥德赛）
4、andreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.BeowulfAuthor:Unknown(aDanishclericwhowasfamiliarwithbothChristianCultureandGermaincCulture)Length:3,
5、000linesLanguage:OldEnglishSettings:ScandinaviaBeowulf1.3183lines2.contents:3adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’smotherfiery/firedragonAppreciationForm:Beowulfwaswritteninalliterativeverse(头韵).Features:(1)Theuseofalliterationisoneofitsmoststrikingfeatures.(
6、Inalliterativeverse,certainstressedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Thereare4stressesinalinegenerally,threeortwoofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenfromthelinesfromtheendofthepoemThepoemendswiththefuneralofthehero:“ThusmadetheirmourningthemenofGeat
7、land,Fortheirhero’spassing,hishearth-companionsQuoththatofallthekingsofearth,Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.”(Inmoderntranslation)PoeticFormsandFeaturesofBeowulfNootherliteraryachievementsinOldEnglishcancomparewithBeow
8、ulf(1)Theuseofalliteration.Linesareconventionallyend-stoppedandunrhymed.(2)Theuseofcompound-words(kennings)toserveasmetaphors:“Ring-giver”isusedforking,“hearth-companion”forhisattendantwarriors,“swan’s
