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1、EarlyMedievalChina10-11.1(2004)67SAYINGGOODBYE:THETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEDIRGEINEARLYMEDIEVALCHINARobertJoeCutterUniversityofWisconsin-MadisonFormostpeopleinmostageslifedescribesanarc,ajourneyfrommewlinginfanttomereoblivion,andaprematureendtothejourneyistragedy.Thedurationofthearc,historiansandactuari
2、estellus,fluctuates,dependingonthetimes.Inthesecond,third,andfourthcenturiesofourera,thespecterofdeathmusthavebeenmuchbeforetheeyesofpeopleinChina.Flood,famine,anddiseasealltooktheirtolls,andthenearlycontinuouswarfareofmuchoftheperiodbroughtviolentandearlydeathtohighandlow,soldierandcivilianalike.
3、Nowonderthatsomereligioustextsoftheage1containapocalypticvisionsofthefuture.Literaryresponsestothismelancholystateofaffairsvaried.Anumberofpoemsfromtheperioddealdirectlywiththebrevityof2life.Butwecanalsoidentifyother,morespecificthemesassoci-atedwiththethreatofdeath.Forinstance,thenotionofconqueri
4、ng1Intheintroductiontohistranslationof“TheUpperScriptureofPurpleTextsInscribedbytheSpirits”(Lingshuziwenshangjing靈書紫文上經),oneofthoserevealedworkssupposedlycopieddownbyYangXi楊羲(330-386?),StephenBokenkampnotes,“EversincethelatterdaysoftheHandynasty,theconvictionhadgrownthatthecosmiccyclewasreachingit
5、snadirandthattheworldwasabouttoend.”StephenR.Bokenkamp,EarlyDaoistScripturesPublishedbyManeyPublishing(c)TheEarlyMedievalChianGroup(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1997),296.AvisionofthependingapocalypseisseeninBokenkamp’stranslationonpages345-6.2AgoodexampleisFuXuan’s傅玄(217-278)“Wange”挽歌inLu
6、Qinli逯欽立,ed.,Xian-QinHanWeiJinNanbeichaoshi先秦漢魏晉南北朝詩(Beijing:Zhonghuashuju,1983),1:565.Onpoemsdealingwithdeath,seeSuzukiShûji鈴木修次,KanGishinokenkyû漢魏詩の研究(Tokyo:Daishukan,1967),494-6,andGuoXiuhua郭秀華andGaoPeiquan高培權,eds.,Lidaiaijishicijinghuaerbaishou歷代哀祭詩詞精華二百首(Xi’an:Shaanxirenminchubanshe,1997).68C
7、utter:TransformationoftheDirgedeaththroughimmortalfame,seenearlierinwell-knownpassagesinZuozhuan左傳andSimaQian’s司馬遷(145-ca.86BC)“BaoRenAnshu”報任安書[LetterinReplytoRenAn],alsoappearsinCaoPi’s曹丕(187-226)essay“DianlunL