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1、MADELEINEZELIN1ACritiqueofRightsofPropertyinPrewarChinaThepenalemphasisof[Chinese]law,forexample,meantthatmattersofacivilnaturewereeitherignoredbyitentirely(forexample,contracts)orweregivenonlylimitedtreatmentwithinitspenalformat(forexample,propertyrights,inheri-tance,marriage)....Wh
2、atreallyconcernedthelaw-thoughthisistobesurmisedratherthanexplicitlyreadintheChineselegalliterature-wereallactsofmoralorritualimproprietyorofcriminalviolencewhichseemedinChineseeyestobevio-lationsordisruptionsofthetotalsocialorder....Whenthislawappeared,however,itwasusedneithertoupho
3、ldtradi-tionalreligiousvaluesnortoprotectprivateproperty.Rather,itsprimarypurposewaspolitical.BoddeandMorris1967lThehistoryofChina'suseofcontractsisalongone.Itsbegin-ningswereprobablyinprimitivetimes.Todaytheoldestsur-vivingcontractforwhichwehaveatextwecanverify,forwhichthereisanactu
4、alobjecttoinvestigate,isabronzein-scriptionfromtheWesternZhou.AftertheWesternHanthiskindofmaterialisfoundineveryperiod.ZhangChuanxi1995HOWDOWEreconcilethesetwosnapshotsofChineselegalculture?-oneinwhichthelawofthestate,andbyextensionitsagentsinthefield,paysonlyglancingattentiontotheec
5、onomicrelationshipsthatexistbetweenindividuals;andoneinwhichwrittenagreementsbe-tweenindividualsplayamajor,ifnotdominant,roleinthosesametransactions.Onesolutionwouldbetoassumethatprivatejusticepre-undatecvailedintheeconomicrealm,andsomescholarshavetakenthatap-caselavproachtoChinesele
6、galhistory.InhispathbreakingworkonChinesedoesnocustomarylaw,LiangZhiping(1996)arguesthatthevirtualdisappear-theecoranceofstate-ownedlandinthelateimperialperiodencouragedalais-This1sez-faireattitudetowardprivatetransactionsthatresultedintheelabo-theserurationofarichanddiversebodyofcus
7、tomarypracticesintheChineseperialCcountryside.Thesecustoms,manyofwhicharedocumentedinthepropertearly-twentieth-centurysurveypublishedasZhongguominshangshiquitedixiguandiaochabaogaolu(ArecordofareportonChinesecustomsrelat-ofindivingtocivilandcommercialaffairs),areseenastakingtheplaceo
8、fcivilimport
