The-Theory-of-Conversational-Implicature会话含义理论.pptx

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1、TheTheoryofConversationalImplicature会话含义理论BriefIntroductionTheCooperativePrinciple&ViolationandMaximsCharacteristicsofImplicatureBriefIntroductionThetheoryofconversationalimplicatureisthesecondtheoryinpargmatics(语用学).HerbertPaulGricebegantoformulatehisideasofthisthe

2、oryinthefifties.HedeliveredlecturesatHarvardin1967.Partofthelectures-“LogicsandConversation”waspublishedin1975.TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)合作原则toexplainthemechanisms(机制，原理)bywhichpeopleinterpretconversationalimplicatureortoexplainwhypeopleoftenmeanmorethanwhattheysay

3、,GriceproposedtheCooperativePrincipleandintroduced4conversationalmaxims.AndtheviolationsinthesecondhalfofGrice's“LogicsandConversation”.1)quantitymaxim数量准则1.Makeyourconteibutionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurpusesoftheexchange);2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmo

4、reinformativethanisrequired.e.g:A:Whatdateisyourbirthday?B:December26.(√)B:December26,thedayaftertheChristmasDay.(×)2)qualitymaxim质量准则Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatisture.1.Donotsaywahtyoubelievetobefalse;2.Donotsaythatforwhichyulackadequateevidence.e.g:SuppuseBis

5、achinese.A:Whatcontryareyoufrom?B:IcomefromChina.(√)B:IcomefromAmerica.(×)3)relationmaxim关联原则Berelevant.e.g:A:Iamoutofpetrol.B:Thereisagarageatthecorner.(√)B:Itissunnytoday.(×)4)mannermaxim方式准则Beperspicuous(明白易懂的).1.Avoidobscurityofexpression;2.Avoidambiguity;3.Bebr

6、ief(avoidprolixity);4.Beorderly.e.g:A:Let'sgetthekidssomething.B:Icecreamwouldbenice.(√)B:Okey,butIvetoI-C-EC-R-E-A-M-S.(×)CharacteristicsofImplicature含义的特征Calculability可推导性Speakerstrytoconveyconversationalimplicaturesandhearersareabletounderstandthemsuggeststahtimp

7、licuturesarecalculable.5lists;e.g:thecaseofthereferenceletter.Cancellability可取消性Alsoknownasdefeasibility(可废除性)Thepresenceofaconversationalimplicaturereliesonanumberoffactors:theconversationalmeaningofwordsused,theCP,thelingisticandsituationalcontexts,etc.Soifanychan

8、ges,theimplicaturewillalsochange.e.g:通过附加分句来取消句子含义a.Johnhas3cows.b.Johnhasonly3cows.c.Johnhas3cows,ifnotmore.d.Johnhasatleast3cows.Non-det