管理学原理英文版计划planning.ppt

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1、THEFUNCTIONOFPLANNINGWHATISPLANNING?Thedefinitionofplanninghastwoparts1.Selectingagoal2.DevelopingthestrategyandtacticstoachievethegoalADVANTAGESOFPLANNINGGoodplanningcanproduce1.Focusongoals2.Directionofeffort3.Intensifiedeffort4.Persistenceofeffort5.Cre

2、ationofstrategiesandtacticsSOMEDISADVANTAGESSomepossiblenegativesofplanningare1.Mayproduceafalsesenseofcertainty2.Mayinhibitchange&adaptiveness3.MaybetooabstractanddetachedfromdailyactivityMAKINGAPLANTHATWORKSThereareseveralmajorpartstoagoodplan1.GoalSett

3、ing2.Goalcommitment3.Actionplan--stepsandresources4.Trackingsystems5.Stayingflexible--noplanisinconcreteTOPTOBOTTOMPLANNING1.TopmanagementdevelopsstrategicplansStartswithfirm’sVisionMissionTOPTOBOTTOMPLANNING,cont’d2.MiddlemanagementTactical--usestechniqu

4、esandmethodthatdrivebehavior6monthsto2yearsTOPTOBOTTOMPLANNING,cont’d3.LowerlevelmanagersdevelopoperationalplansGuidedailyactivitiesOfproductionandservice5STEPSTORATIONALDECISION-MAKING1.Definingtheproblem2.Establishandweightcriteria3.Generatealternatives

5、4.Evaluatealternatives5.DeterminethebestsolutionLIMITATIONSOFRATIONALDECISION-MAKING1.Boundedrationality2.MaximizingvsSatisficingTECHNIQUESOFGROUPDECISION-MAKING1.Nominal2.Delphi3.Stepladder4.Brainstorming