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时间:2020-03-26
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1、154154CHEMISTRYUNIT6THERMODYNAMICSItistheonlyphysicaltheoryofuniversalcontentconcerningwhichIamconvincedthat,withintheframeworkoftheapplicabilityofitsbasicconcepts,itwillneverbeoverthrown.AfterstudyingthisUnit,youwillbeabletoAlbertEinstein·explaintheterms:systemandsurroundi
2、ngs;·discriminatebetweenclose,openandisolatedsystems;·explaininternalenergy,workChemicalenergystoredbymoleculescanbereleasedasheatandheat;duringchemicalreactionswhenafuellikemethane,cooking·statefirstlawofgasorcoalburnsinair.Thechemicalenergymayalsobethermodynamicsandexpres
3、susedtodomechanicalworkwhenafuelburnsinanengineitmathematically;ortoprovideelectricalenergythroughagalvaniccelllike·calculateenergychangesasworkandheatcontributionsdrycell.Thus,variousformsofenergyareinterrelatedandinchemicalsystems;undercertainconditions,thesemaybetransfor
4、medfrom·explainstatefunctions:U,H.oneformintoanother.Thestudyoftheseenergy·correlateDUandDH;transformationsformsthesubjectmatterofthermodynamics.·measureexperimentallyDUThelawsofthermodynamicsdealwithenergychangesofandDH;macroscopicsystemsinvolvingalargenumberofmolecules·de
5、finestandardstatesforDH;ratherthanmicroscopicsystemscontainingafewmolecules.·calculateenthalpychangesforThermodynamicsisnotconcernedabouthowandatwhatvarioustypesofreactions;ratetheseenergytransformationsarecarriedout,butis·stateandapplyHess’slawofbasedoninitialandfinalstate
6、sofasystemundergoingtheconstantheatsummation;change.Lawsofthermodynamicsapplyonlywhenasystem·differentiatebetweenextensiveisinequilibriumormovesfromoneequilibriumstatetoandintensiveproperties;anotherequilibriumstate.Macroscopicpropertieslike·definespontaneousandnon-spontane
7、ousprocesses;pressureandtemperaturedonotchangewithtimefora·explainentropyasasysteminequilibriumstate.Inthisunit,wewouldliketothermodynamicstatefunctionanswersomeoftheimportantquestionsthroughandapplyitforspontaneity;thermodynamics,like:·explainGibbsenergychange(DG);Howdowed
8、eterminetheenergychangesinvolvedina·establishrelationshipbetweenchemicalreaction/p
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