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1、NewWords&Expressions:conversely反之geometricinterpretation几何意义correspond对应induction归纳法deducible可推导的proofbyinduction归纳证明difference差inductiveset归纳集distinguished著名的inequality不等式entirelycomplete完整的integer整数Euclid欧几里得interchangeably可互相交换的Euclidean欧式的intuitive直观的thefieldaxiom域公理irrational无理的2.4整数
2、、有理数与实数Integers,RationalNumbersandRealNumbersNewWords&Expressions:irrationalnumber无理数rational有理的theorderaxiom序公理rationalnumber有理数ordered有序的reasoning推理product积scale尺度,刻度quotient商sum和ThereexistcertainsubsetsofRwhicharedistinguishedbecausetheyhavespecialpropertiesnotsharedbyallrealnumbers.In
3、thissectionweshalldiscusssuchsubsets,theintegersandtherationalnumbers.4-AIntegersandrationalnumbers有一些R的子集很著名,因为他们具有实数所不具备的特殊性质。在本节我们将讨论这样的子集,整数集和有理数集。Tointroducethepositiveintegerswebeginwiththenumber1,whoseexistenceisguaranteedbyAxiom4.Thenumber1+1isdenotedby2,thenumber2+1by3,andsoon.Th
4、enumbers1,2,3,…,obtainedinthiswaybyrepeatedadditionof1areallpositive,andtheyarecalledthepositiveintegers.我们从数字1开始介绍正整数,公理4保证了1的存在性。1+1用2表示,2+1用3表示,以此类推,由1重复累加的方式得到的数字1,2,3,…都是正的,它们被叫做正整数。Strictlyspeaking,thisdescriptionofthepositiveintegersisnotentirelycompletebecausewehavenotexplainedind
5、etailwhatwemeanbytheexpressions“andsoon”,or“repeatedadditionof1”.严格地说,这种关于正整数的描述是不完整的,因为我们没有详细解释“等等”或者“1的重复累加”的含义。Althoughtheintuitivemeaningofexpressionsmayseemclear,incarefultreatmentofthereal-numbersystemitisnecessarytogiveamoreprecisedefinitionofthepositiveintegers.Therearemanywaystod
6、othis.Oneconvenientmethodistointroducefirstthenotionofaninductiveset.虽然这些说法的直观意思似乎是清楚的,但是在认真处理实数系统时有必要给出一个更准确的关于正整数的定义。有很多种方式来给出这个定义,一个简便的方法是先引进归纳集的概念。DEFINITIONOFANINDUCTIVESET.Asetofrealnumbersiscalledaninductivesetifithasthefollowingtwoproperties:Thenumber1isintheset.Foreveryxintheset,
7、thenumberx+1isalsointheset.Forexample,Risaninductiveset.Soistheset.Nowweshalldefinethepositiveintegerstobethoserealnumberswhichbelongtoeveryinductiveset.现在我们来定义正整数,就是属于每一个归纳集的实数。LetPdenotethesetofallpositiveintegers.ThenPisitselfaninductivesetbecause(a)itcontains1,a