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1、U11Adaptiveimmunity referstoantigen-specificimmune response.The adaptiveimmuneresponseismorecomplexthantheinnate.Theantigenfirstmustbeprocessedandrecognized.Onceanantigenhasbeenrecognized,theadaptiveimmune systemcreatesanarmyofimmune cellsspecificallydesignedtoatta
2、ckthatantigen.Immunoglobulins(抗体),alsoknownasantibodies,areglycoproteinmoleculesproducedbyplasmacells(whitebloodcells).Theyactasacriticalpartoftheimmuneresponsebyspecificallyrecognizingandbindingtoparticularantigens,suchasbacteriaorvirusesandaidingintheirdestructio
3、n.Antigen,anysubstancethatcausesyourimmunesystemtoproduceantibodiesagainstit.An antigen maybeaforeignsubstancefromtheenvironment,suchaschemicals,bacteria,viruses,orpollen.An antigen mayalsobeformedinsidethebody,aswithbacterialtoxinsortissuecells.An epitope(表位),also
4、knownasantigenicdeterminant(抗原决定簇),isthepartofanantigenthatisrecognizedbytheimmunesystem,specificallybyantibodies,Bcells,orTcells.Forexample,the epitope isthespecificpieceoftheantigenthatanantibodybindsto.Haptens(半抗原) aresmallmoleculesthatelicit(引出)animmuneresponse
5、onlywhenattachedtoalargecarriersuchasaprotein;thecarriermaybeonethatalsodoesnotelicitanimmuneresponsebyitself.Immunecomplex,sometimescalledanantigen-antibody complex,isamoleculeformedfromtheintegralbindingofanantibodytoasolubleantigen.Theboundantigenandantibodyacta
6、saunitaryobject,effectivelyanantigenofitsownwithaspecificepitope.Innatehostresistance(先天性宿主抵抗力),comparetoadaptiveimmunityEndotoxinAtoxinproducedbycertainbacteriaandreleasedupondestructionofthebacterialcell. Exotoxinatoxinreleasedbyalivingbacterialcellintoitssurroun
7、dings.Pathogenicity referstotheabilityofanorganismtocausedisease(ie,harmthehost).Thisabilityrepresentsageneticcomponentofthepathogenandtheovertdamagedonetothehostisapropertyofthehost-pathogeninteractions.Commensals(共栖)andopportunisticpathogenslackthisinherentabilit
8、ytocausedisease.Toxoid(类毒素)bacterialtoxin(usuallyanexotoxin)whosetoxicityhasbeeninactivatedorsuppressedeitherbychemical(formalin)orheattreatment,
