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PartOnePreviewKnowledgeKongNannanLessontwo2008.09.22 I.SentenceMembers＊subject(主),predicate(谓),object(宾)＊attributive(定)adverbial（状）predicative(表)complement(补)appositive(同位语)parenthesis(插入语) 知识点扩充：可以带双宾语的常见动词此类动词以give为代表，常带有“给予”的意思。Allow,assign,ask,award,bring,buy,cause,fetch,give,hand,leave,offer,owe,pay,post,promise,read,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,tell,teach,throw,write.Givesb.sth.→Givesth.tosb.Eg.Canyoubuymeameal?CanIaskyouaquestion?Causemealotoftrouble. Thefollowingpointsmaybeimportant.1.Positionsofanappositive同位语(PayattentiontoitstranslationintoChinese.)(1)normalpositions(p6)①▲immediatelyfollowedby②★setoffbyacommafromnoun③setoffbyacolonfromappositive④setoffbyadashfrom⑤setoffbyanintroducingwordorphrasefrom(namely,thatis,suchas,forexample,...) 译法总结(3种)：①～这个[这一]……把同位语单独译成一句。Theterm"sensitivity"（灵敏度）isoftenusedinradioengineering.灵敏度这一术语经常用于无线电工程中。Theword“radar”comesfromradiodetectionandranging.（p6）雷达这一术语来自无线电探测与测距。②单独译成一句（一般有逗号分开时）Arithmetic（算术）,thescienceofnumbers,isthebaseofmathematics.（p6）算术是一门有关数字的科学，它是数学的基础。Thedecibelisonetenthofabel,aunitnamedafterAlexanderGrahamBell.分贝是贝尔的十分之一，而贝尔这个单位是根据亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔的名字命名的。 译法总结：③译成“也就是”或用破折号引出Thischapterexaminesthepropertiesofanimportantnonlinear（非线性的）device,thedioderectifier（整流器）.本章介绍了一种重要的非线性设备——整流器。 (2)specialpositions(了解)①主语的同位语处于主语前（一般译成独立的一句；或译成“作为……”）appositive,subject～Anewtechnologyintroducedinthe1960’s,lasercanpiercethehardestsubstancesuchasdiamond.激光是在20世纪60年代发展起来的一项新技术，它能穿透像金刚石这样最坚硬的物质。②一个句子的同位语处于句子末尾（译成单独的一句）～,appositive(anounphrase)Amagnetattractsironmaterials,afamiliarphenomenon.磁铁能吸引铁质材料，这是大家所熟悉的一种现象。 2.Complement补语p7（1）某些动词带有补足语：let,make,call,find,get,have,keep（2）在被补足的成分和补足成分之间有以下两种关系：A.主表关系(is判别法)Wecallsuchamaterialaninsulator.(Suchamaterialisaninsulator.)B.主谓关系(拼接试探判别法)Metalsallowcurrenttoflowthroughthemeasily.金属允许电流容易地通过它们。 ★双宾语与宾语补语的区别：试探法：Ishallgiveyouabook.(Youareabook.Giveabooktoyou.)E.g.ThemagneticfieldstrengthisassignedasymbolH.(保留宾语，assign可带双宾；两者没有主表关系)Theydon’tknowtheexacttimetostarttheexperiment.(后置定语，没有主谓关系) 3.Parentheticclause插入语p7★Aruleforitsjudgment:Itsbeingcrossedoutwon’taffectthemeaningandthestructureofthewholesentence.(1)inthemainclauseLivingthingstoo,itnowseemscertain,obeythelawsofphysicsandchemistry.[≈Itnowseemscertainthat….]现在似乎可以肯定的是，生物同样遵循物理和化学的原理。Thedensity（密度）ofasubstance,werecall,isitsmass（质量）perunitvolume（体积）.大家记得吧，物质的密度就是其单位体积的质量。 (2)inthesub-clauseOneofthemajorproblemswhichfacedmeinwritingthisbookwas“digesting”thevastliteratureoncomputer-basedlibrarysystemsandpresentingitinwhatIhopeisaclearandconcisemanner.我在撰写本书过程中所面临的主要问题之一是“消化”有关机辅图书馆系统的大量文献资料，并且以我希望的清晰、简洁的方式来介绍它们。 （3）using“say=letussay”orsometypeof“what-clause”Aresistorofsay100ohmsmaybeconnectedacrossC2.在该容器两端可以并接一个比如说100欧姆的电阻器。Therulesmustbefew,and,whatismoreimportant,simple.规则必须要少，而且更为重要的是，要简单。whichamountstothesamething“换句话说”whatisequivalent“换句话说”whatismoreimportantwhatismore“而且；更有甚者”whatisthesamething“同样的是；换个说法（也一样）” II.PrepositionalPhrases1.Formation(p8)preposition+theobjectofthepreposition(nounorpronoun) 2.FunctionsofaprepositionalphraseAdverbial状语E.g.InthelibrarytherearemanybooksinEnglish.(p9)E.g.Thisexperimentshouldbedonewithcare.care,skill,ease,difficulty,withaccuracy,precision,flexibility,rapidity==theircorrespondingadverbs补充知识点1 (2)Attribute定语---asapostmodifieronlyTheswitchonthewallnearthedooroftheroomisfortheceilinglight.（p9）＊门边墙上的开关是用来管顶灯的。(3)Complement补语---mostlythe“as-phrase”requiredbymanyverbsdefineAasB把A定义为BregardAasB把A当作为BrefertoAasB把A称为BThisparameter（参数）isdefinedastheratioofsignaltonoise.这个参数被定义为信号和噪声之比。 ***Anincreasingnumberofengineeringdesignersfinditofvaluetohaveaworkingknowledgeofelectroniccomputers.越来越多的工程设计者发现，具备计算机使用知识是有价值的。of+interest,use,value,help,importance,significance=名词相对应的形容词***afewsetverbalphrases:(keep…atwork;set…inmotion)Electricitykeepsmachinesatwork.Nowsetthecharges（电荷）inmotionandmeasurethemagneticforce（磁力）.使电荷运转补充知识点2 (4)Predicative表语Anothercommonapproachisthroughtheuseofasymmetricalsquarewave.(对称方波)另一常用的方法是使用一个对称方波。(5)Parenthesis插入语---manysetphrases(infact;ofcourse;forexample,……)Forexample,wecanmakeanelectricalbellwiththiskindofmagnet. (6)Prepositionalobject介词宾语---onlyafterafewprepositions,suchas“from★,except★,to,…)Theenergyfromwithintheearthcanbeexploited.可以开发来自地球内部的能量。Thehighestorder（度）ofaccuracyobtainableinusingthistechniqueistowithin0.01percent.用这种技术获得的精度可以达到0.0001。 III.WordCollocationsSetphrasesinaword换句话说takeplace发生，进行taketheplaceof代替2.Habitualcollocations★(1)Somenounsmustgowithdefiniteverbs.(2)Someverbs,adjectives,andnounsmustgowithdefiniteprepositions. 2.Habitualcollocations(1)Somenounsmustgowithdefiniteverbs.质量improvethequality效率raise[increase]theefficiency提高能力increasetheability认识deepentheunderstanding警惕enhance[heighten]thevigilance 成就[进步]makeachievements[progress]一致意见reachcompleteagreementofviews取得教训drawlessons成功achievesucces同意obtainconsent作一分析[比较；研究]makeananalysis[acomparison;astudy]作一介绍[描述；说明]giveanintroduction[adescription;anexplanation] （2）Someverbs,adjectives,andnounsmustgowithdefiniteprepositions.E.g.Laserbeamsaresentatthemoon.(p10)throwaimrush[冲向(vt.)shoot…at～(vi.)fireat～[向…开火]emitshout[朝…叫喊（欢呼）sendpoint(be)representativeof=represent(be)descriptiveof=describe(be)characteristicof=characterize(be)parallelto平行于。。。(be)similarto类似于。。。动词搭配形容词搭配 Emphasisshouldbelaidonthecollocationofanounwithapreposition。①Afixedprepositiongoesbeforeorafteranoun.ⅰ.Beforeanounⅱ.Afteranoun②AnimportantformatofwordcollocationFormat:nounofAprepositionB名词搭配 ①Afixedprepositiongoesbeforeorafteranoun.ⅰ.Beforeanoun无线电波向四面八方传播。（p11）Radiowavestravelinalldirections.为此目的，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。Forthispurpose[Tothisend],collegestudentsmustmasteratleastoneforeignlanguage.E.g.onalargescale（大规模地）toagreat[large]extent[point,degree]（在很大程度上）in(a)great[large]measure（在很大程度上） ①Afixedprepositiongoesbeforeorafteranoun. ⅱ.AfteranounE.g.他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。（p11）Theyareattendinganinternationalconferenceonmobilecommunications.E.g.Thesestudentsaredoinganexperimentinphysics[onelectricity].这些学生在做物理实验（in后跟大学科，on后跟小学科）theresearchon[into;with;for]imageprocessingtheanswer[key;solution]to(aproblem)theprefaceto(abook)anexceptionto(arule)thecurrentthrough(acomponent)thevoltageacross(acomponent)increase[decrease;rise;fall;reduction;variation]in…condition[requirement;technique,method;language;skill,equation;expression]for… ★②AnimportantformatofwordcollocationFormat:nounofAprepositionBThetranslationcanbefurtherclassifiedasthefollowingthreesub-classes:ⅰ.The“noun”isanordinaryabstractnoun.Translationpattern:“A。。。B的～”E.g.TheadvantageofTDMAoverSCPCisthatmoregroundstationscanshareasinglesatellitetransponder（应答器）.TDMA与SCPC相比的优点是更多的地面站可共享一个卫星应答器。 ②ⅰ.E.g.Translationpattern:“A。。。B的～”theratioofAtoBtheeffectofAon[upon]BtherelationshipofAtoB★thedistanceofAfromBfamiliarityofAwithBthesimilarityofAtoB★ ②ⅱ.The“noun”comesfromanintransitiveverb(不及物动词),inwhichcase“A”isthelogicalsubjectofthelogicalactionexpressedbythe“noun.”Translationpattern:“A。。。B的～”Thiscurveshowsthedependenceoftheoutputon[upon]theinput.该曲线画出了输出对于输入的依赖关系。Allconductorsoffersmallresistancetothepassageofelectronsthroughthem.(passthrough)电子流过导体时，遇到的阻力很小。 ②ⅱ.E.g.thepassageofAthroughB----passthroughthemotionofAround[around]BthedepartureofAfromBthereactionofAtoBA对B的作用thevariationofAwithB ②ⅲ.The“noun”comesfromatransitiveverb,inwhichcase“A”isthelogicalobjectoftheactionexpressedbythe“noun.”Translationtechnique:The“noun”isputintoatransitiveverb.E.g.Insolvingtheproblem,theresolutionofthisforceintox-andy-componentsisnecessary.在解这个题的时候，需要把这个力分解为x分量y分量。E.g.Gradually,theusefulnessofmicroprocessorsascentralprocessingunitwasrealized.人们逐渐地实现了把微分处理器用作中央处理器。 ②ⅲ.E.g.（p12）acomparisonofAwithB：把A与B相比较theresolutionofAintoB：把A分解为BtheexposureofAtoB：使A接触BtheuseofAasB：把A用作为BthedefinitionofAinto[to]B：把A定义为BtheseparationofAfrom[into]B ***OneMorePattern:（p13）noun(fromvt.)ofA[logicalobject]byB[logicalsubject]Theformulation（确立）ofthetheoryofrelativity（相对论）byEinsteinwasoneofthemostsignificanteventsofthe20thcentury. Review质量improvethequality效率raise[increase]theefficiency提高能力increasetheability认识deepentheunderstanding警惕enhance[heighten]thevigilance成就[进步]makeachievements[progress]一致意见reachcompleteagreementofviews取得教训drawlessons成功achievesucces同意obtainconsent作一分析[比较；研究]makeananalysis[acomparison;astudy]作一介绍[描述；说明]giveanintroduction[adescription;anexplanation] theresearchon[into;with;for]imageprocessingtheanswer[key;solution]to(aproblem)theprefaceto(abook)anexceptionto(arule)thecurrentthrough(acomponent)thevoltageacross(acomponent)increase[decrease;rise;fall;reduction;variation]in…condition[requirement;technique,method;language;skill,equation;expression]for…theratioofAtoBtheeffectofAon[upon]BtherelationshipofAtoBtheattraction（引力）ofAforBthedistanceofAfromBfamiliarityofAwithB thepassageofAthroughB----passthroughthemotionofAround[around]BthedepartureofAfromBthereactionofAtoBA对B的作用thevariationofAwithBacomparisonofAwithB：把A与B相比较theresolutionofAintoB：把A分解为BtheexposureofAtoB：使A接触BtheuseofAasB：把A用作为BthedefinitionofAinto[to]B：把A定义为BtheseparationofAfrom[into]B 判别某些句子成分方法汇总1.状语（副词和介词）：修饰动词、形容词、副词，形容动作状态。表示：条件，时间，地点，方式，目的，原因，结果，让步，程度。2.定语（形容词，数词，名词，介词短语）：用来说明名词成分的。3.同位语：二者同一个意思。特别是suchas,forexample,thatis之后的肯定是。4.补语：a.Let,make,call,find,get,have,keep表示使……时。b.主表关系：is判别法。主谓关系：拼接判别法。E.g.Ishallgiveyouabook.Wemustkeeptheroomclean.5.插入语：However,infact,forexample,then.去掉了不影响句子意思。
