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1、小句复合体Lecture4小句复合体小句：语法中的最高单位。它是及物性、语气和主位等系统的起点，分别同时通过三个结构层得到体现（及物性结构、语气结构和主位结构）。小句体现了经验意义、人际意义和语篇意义，在非标记（unmarked）的情况下也通过调群（tonegroup）来体现。小句复合体Clausecomplex:Asentencecanbeinterpretedasaclausecomplex:aHeadclausetogetherwithotherclausesthatmodifyit.Acombinationofcla
2、usesrelatedparatacticallyorhypotacticallybutnotthroughembedding;themodeofcombinationisthemodeoforganizationofthelogicalsubtypeoftheideationalmetafunction.Forexample,clausescombinedthroughcoordinationformaclausecomplex.Thenotionof‘clausecomplex’thusenablesustoaccoun
3、tinfullforthefunctionalorganizationofsentences(cf.Halliday1994:216).Parataxis:Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofequalstatus.Roughlycomparabletocoordinationintraditionalgrammar.Iftwoclausesarerelatedparatactically,theprimaryoneisinitiat
4、ing(1),andthesecondaryonecontinuing(2).
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7、IswitchedonmyTVset
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9、andtherewasaprogramaboutwhales.
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12、1 2
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15、Let’sfaceit,
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17、thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment.
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20、1 2Hypotaxis:Logicalinterdependencybetweenclause
21、swheretheinterdependentsareofunequalstatus.ThusoneoftheclausescanbeseenasaHeadbeingmodifiedbytheother(s).Iftwoclausesarerelatedhypotactically,theprimaryoneisdominant(a),andthesecondaryonedependent(b).Roughlycomparabletosubordinationintraditionalgrammar.Thetradition
22、altermsubordinationdoesusuallynotdifferentiatehypotaxisandembedding(rankshiftedclauses).
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25、Fearofflyingisquiterational
26、becausehumanbeingscannotfly.
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29、ab
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32、Becausehumanbeingscannotfly,
33、fearofflyingisquitebarational.
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36、Embedding:rankshiftedclausesclauseaspartof(nomin
37、al)group(downrankedtopartofconstituent)clauseasparticipant(downrankedtoclauseconstituent)
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40、I oncehad aleatherjacket[[thatgotruinedintherain]].
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43、EmbeddingClauseaspartofgroupThepeople[[thatrunthestoresattheairport]]havenoidea[[whatthingscostanywhereelse]].(nomina
44、lgroup)YouneverseeanybodyonTV[[justslidingoffthefrontofthesofawithpotatochipcrumbsallovertheirshirt]].(nominalgroup)Justgoasfast[[asyoucan]].(adv
