英语语言学期末考试重点.doc

《英语语言学期末考试重点.doc》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、第一章1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality（二层性）:Thepropertyofha

2、vingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretat

3、ionofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)3.Functionsoflanguage①Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideationa

4、l)②Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③Performative(施为功能):languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):toexpr

5、essfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguagefor

6、sheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.4.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.5.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue&parol

7、eCompetence&performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:“neveruseadoublenega

8、tive”)7.Synchronicstudy(共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy(历时)—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第四章1．WhatisSyntax（句法）?Syntaxisthestudyofthe