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1、BasicNotionsinEnglishLinguisticsChapter1Introduction41.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication.2.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?Arbitrariness,duality,displacement,interchangeability,creativity,culturaltransmission3.Whatisarbitr
2、ariness?Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.4.Whatisdisplacement?Languageisfreefrombarrierscausedbyseparationoftimeandplace.5.Whatisduality?Languageisasystemconsistingoftwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevel(meanings)arecomposedofelemen
3、tsofthesecondarylevel(sounds)andeachlevelhasitsownprinciplesoforganization.6.Whatiscreativity?Languageuserscanunderstandandproduceaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.7.Whatisculturaltransmission?Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhav
4、etobetaughtandlearned.8.WhatarethreegeneralfunctionsoflanguageproposedbyHalliday?Ideational,interpersonal,textual9.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.10.Whataremainbranchesoflinguistics?Phonetics,phonology,morphology,synta
5、x,semantics,pragmatics11.Whatismacro-linguistics?Thestudyoflanguageinrelationtootherdisciplines,e.g.sociolinguistics12.Whatisthedistinctionofprescriptiveanddescriptive?Prescribewhatpeopleshouldsay,describewhatpeopleactuallyuse13.Whatisthedistinctionofcompetenceandp
6、erformance?Theidealuser’sknowledgeoflanguagerulesandtheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication14.Whatisthedistinctionofsynchronicanddiachronic?Thestudyoflanguageintimeandthroughtime15.Whatisthedistinctionofspeechandwriting?Natural/primaryandinvent
7、ed/secondarymediaofhumanlanguage16.Whatistraditionalgrammar?Thegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguage4Chapter2SpeechSounds417.Whatarespeechsounds?Meaningfulsoundsinhumanlinguisticcommunication18.Whatisphonetics?Itstudiestheproduction,transmissionand
8、perceptionofspeechsounds.19.Whatarethreebranchesofphonetics?Articulatory,acoustic,auditory20.Whatarethethreecavitiesinspeechproduction?Oral,nasal
