英语语言学期末考试重点

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1、第一章1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality（二层性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprima

2、rylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,even

3、tsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)3.Functionsoflanguage①Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)②Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③Performative(施为功能):languageisusedto

4、dothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(healt

5、h,weather)⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.4.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.5.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue

6、&paroleCompetence&performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:“neveruseadoublenegative”)7.Synchronicstudy(共时)—descriptionofal

7、anguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy(历时)—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第四章1．WhatisSyntax（句法）?Syntaxisthestudyofthe