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1、Paragraph1Infuturewearegoingtofollowthepractice—untilitbecomesahabit—ofclassifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgrounds.(Para.1)Classifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgroundsisimportantbecausepeopleveryoftenbasetheirjudgmentofpropositionsaccordingtotheirpopularity,usefuln
2、ess,sourceofauthorityaswellastotheirpersonaltaste.Theydonotalwaysacceptbeliefsbecausetheyaretrue.Oftentheyacceptthembecausetheirbeliefsservetheirimmediatepurpose,orbecausetheysoundnice,orbecauseitiseasierorsafertoacceptthem.takethispracticeasaguideabaseforanargument1ont
3、hegroundofground:thefoundationforanargument,abelief,oranaction;abasisExamples:Janewaslateonthegroundoftheheavytraffic.Tomleftonthegroundthathewasill.以为理由，基础……=onthegroundthat2Theyrestuponmeretradition,oronsb.’sbareassertionunsupportedbyevenashadowofproof…(Para.1)Theyare
4、onlybasedontradition,oronsomebody’sassertion,butarenotsupportedevenbytheleastamountofproof.strongstatementswithoutthesupportofprooftheslightesttraceoftobebasedon3Paragraph2Manyofstrongestconvictionswereestablishedthen.(Para.2)Theyarestrongbecausetheyhavebeeninourmindfor
5、suchalongtime.Theyarestrongbecausetheywereimprintedonourmindwhenwewerelittlechildren,beforewewereabletojudgeforourselves.Theyarestrongbecausetheywerepassedontousduringourmostformativeyearsandoftenbypeoplewetrustedandloved.firmbelieforopinion4conviction/opinion/view/sent
6、iment/beliefConvictionisabeliefthatexcludesdoubt.（勿庸置疑的信念）Opinionisapplicabletoajudgment,especiallyapersonaljudgment,basedongroundsinsufficienttoruleoutthepossibilityofdispute.Viewstressesindividualityofoutlook.（强调个人的某些观点）Sentimentandespeciallyfeelingstresstheroleofemot
7、ionasadeterminant(强调作为一种决定因素的情感作用)Abeliefisaconclusion,notnecessarilyderivedfirsthand,towhichonesubscribesstrongly(一种观点，不一定是人们极力相信的第一个观点)5Paragraph3ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwheninfants,andiftheyhadbeenbroughtupwithhomean
8、dallotherinfluencesreserved,wecanhavelittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.(Para.3)Butiftheywereexchangedwhent
