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1、Chapter2Surface-structureDeviationFour types of deviation:phonological,graphological,lexical,and syntactic2.1 Phonological Deviation:(I) OmissionA:Aphesis(字首音省略)：theomissionofaninitialpartofa word, e.g.Thou on whose stream,’midthe steep sky’s commotion,Loo
2、se clouds like earth’s decaying leaves are shed,(Commotion: disturbance and turbulence, hubbub;steep:sheer)LearnthenwhatmoralscriticsoughttoshowFor’tisbuthalfajudge’stas,toknow.(AlexanderPope:AnEssayonCriticism)B:Syncope（字中音省略）:theomissionofamedialpartofaw
3、ord,e.g.Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheardInspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,BreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebrides（Wordsworth:TheSolitaryReaper）Notes:Hebrides[’hebridi:z]:adeepislandofEngland.3C:Apocope（字尾音尾脱落）：:theomissionofafinalpartofaword,e.g.Ti
4、lla’theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi’thesunIwilllovetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso’lifeshallran.(Notes:a’:all;wi’:with;o’:of)Iwanderthro’eachcharter’dstreet,Nearwherethecharter’dThamesdoesflow,AndmarkineveryfaceImeetMarksofweakness,marksofwoe.(Will
5、iamBlake:London)Theomissionsdiscussedaboveareconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Theychangethepronunciationsoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.(II)MispronunciationandSub-st
6、andardPronunciation:inordertovividlydescribeacharacter,theliterarywritermaychoosetolethischaractermispronouncecertainwordsorsimplypronouncetheminsub-standardways.“MayGodstarveyeyet,”yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead.“Yes,a
7、ndyou,”sheadded,catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen.“Youbloodymurtheringthafe!Crackmysonoverthehead,willyou,youhard-hearted,murtheringdivil?Ah,ye--”（T.Dreiser,SisterCarrie）theoldIrishwomanwasdepictedasspeakinginasub-standardfashion:yefor'you',murtheringfor'm
8、urdering',divilfor'devil',andthafefor'thief'.Theemploymentofsuchdeviantphonologicalfeatureshere,itseems,addsvividnesstothehappeningasifitwasthelivetransmissionofthescene.Heraccentalsorevealsthatsheisaworking-
