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1、HistoryCompass4(2006):10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00319.xMedievalPrisons:BetweenMythandReality,HellandPurgatory*GuyGeltnerPrincetonUniversityAbstractWhenweremedievalprisonsfounded?Whatwaslifeinsidethemlike?Howdidcontemporaryobserversperceivethem?Addressingsuc
2、hquestions,thisarticlebringstogetheroveracenturyofscholarshipthatunderminesthetraditionaldatingoftheprison’s“birth,”shedslightonthetolerablerealitiesofmedievalcaptivity,andidentifiesarangeofcontemporaryinterpretationsofprisonlifeandspaces.Thecreationofpris
3、onsaspunitiveinstitutionsiscommonlydatedtothelateeighteenthcentury,andisattributedtotheinfluenceofEnlightenmentideasaboutman’sabilitytoreformhissoulandtheState’sprerogativeinimplementingthisprocess.1Theacceptedchronologydeniesthepenalroleofprisonsatanytime
4、earlier,atleastoutsideecclesiasticaljurisdiction.Accordingly,theviewprevailsthatthroughouttheMiddleAgesprisonsservedasplacesofpre-trialcustodyorlociofcoercionfordefaultingdebtors;punitiveincarceration,inturn,“didnotexistorrepresented,atbest,anegligibleexce
5、ption.”2PerhapsthemosteloquentrefutationofsuchclaimswasmadebyRalphPughinhis1968studyImprisonmentinMedievalEngland.Pughbeganbyrestatingwhatmostobserversofprisonlife(includingmedievallawyers)alreadyknew,namely,thatthedistinctionamongcustodial,coercive,andpen
6、alincarcerationisusefulintheory,butfailstodescribeactualpractices.Thus,tosaythatmedieval“penology”consciouslyavoidedincarcerationwouldbeanachronisticandmisleading.Pughthendemonstratedthat,eveninastrictersense,punitiveimprisonmentwasbothanarticulatedlegalco
7、nceptandapracticedpenalmeasureinEnglandthroughoutthehighandlateMiddleAges.3Asmanyotherstudiesthroughoutthelastcenturyandahalfhaveshown,thesameargumentcanbeappliedtodifferentEuropeanregionsfromLateAntiquitytothelateMiddleAges.4Theintroductionofimprisonmenth
8、adalastingimpactontheorganizationoflocaljusticesystems.Forinstance,inordertoimplementincarcerationwidely,magistrateshadtoappropriateorconstructprisonfacilitiesandinstallthenecessaryofficerssuchaswardens,guard
